Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Neuroinflammation and Management of Alzheimer Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer disease (AD) is becoming one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions worldwide. Although the disease progression is becoming better understood, current medical interventions can only ameliorate some of the symptoms but cannot slow disease progression. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the advancement of this disorder, and n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in both the reduction in and resolution of inflammation. These effects may be mediated by the anti-inflammatory and proresolving effects of bioactive lipid mediators (oxylipins) derived from n-3 PUFAs [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] in fish oil. Although interventions have generally used fish oil containing both EPA and DHA, several studies that used either EPA or DHA alone or specific oxylipins derived from these fatty acids indicate that they have distinct effects. Both DHA and EPA can reduce neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, but EPA positively influences mood disorders, whereas DHA maintains normal brain structure. Fewer studies with a plant-derived n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid, suggest that other n-3 PUFAs and their oxylipins also may positively affect AD. Further research identifying the unique anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties of oxylipins from individual n-3 PUFAs will enable the discovery of novel disease-management strategies in AD.

Associations between adherence to MIND diet and severity, duration and frequency of migraine headaches among migraine patients

“…The antioxidants in berries and the vitamin E in olive oil, green leafy vegetables and nuts could ease migraine by protecting the brain from oxidative stress [27]. Additionally, the omega-3 fatty acids found in sh may bene t migraine by lowering in ammation in the brain [28].…”

A UPLC‐TOF/MS‐based metabolomics study of rattan stems of Schisandra chinensis effects on Alzheimer's disease rats model

“…Recent reports demonstrates a significant association of ALA with dementia. Serum ALA level is inversely associated with risk of disabling dementia (Devassy, Leng, Gabbs, Monirujjaman, & Aukema, ; Yanai, ). AA is important in learning and memory and can increase neuronal firing in hippocampal neurons.…”

The Potential for Natural Antioxidant Supplementation in the Early Stages of Neurodegenerative Disorders

“…In fact, studies on AD animal models have shown that dietary supplementation with PUFAs reduces Aβ deposition, improves cognition and reduces hippocampal neuronal loss or neurodegeneration. Studies have also been carried out on the active metabolites of EPA and DHA, such as the oxylipins, demonstrating their anti-inflammatory effects but above all their pro-resolving effects, i.e., their involvement in the resolution of the inflammatory process that does not seem to be regulated in AD [59,60]. Other studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular changes in the concentration and efficiency of the components of the respiratory complexes were reported.…”