We develop a general framework for the construction of probabilities for the
time of arrival in quantum systems. The time of arrival is identified with the
time instant when a transition in the detector's degrees of freedom takes
place. Thus, its definition is embedded within the larger issue of defining
probabilities with respect to time for general quantum transitions. The key
point in our analysis is that we manage to reduce the problem of defining a
quantum time observable to a mathematical model where time is associated to a
transition from a subspace of the Hilbert space of the total system to its
complementary subspace. This property makes it possible to derive a general
expression for the probability for the time of transition, valid for any
quantum system, with the only requirement that the time of transition is
correlated with a definite macroscopic record.
The framework developed here allows for the consideration of any experimental
configuration for the measurement of the time of arrival and it also applies to
relativistic systems with interactions described by quantum field theory. We
use the method in order to describe time-of-arrival measurements in high-energy
particle reactions and for a rigorous derivation of the time-integrated
probabilities in particle oscillations.Comment: 27 pages, latex. Changed title and added a conclusions section.
Version to appear in PR