On-Board Liquid Hydrogen Cold Energy Utilization System for a Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Hybrid Truck

Yang, Mu; Hu, Song; Yang, Fang; Xu, Liangfei; Bu, Yu; Yuan, Dian

doi:10.3390/wevj12030136

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although liquid hydrogen can only exist at low temperatures and pressures, the corresponding tanks can be lighter as they operate at lower pressures. Moreover, liquid hydrogen storage presents a more compact and costeffective storage and transportation solution than compressed hydrogen [21,25]. As a result of its higher gravimetric and volumetric density, liquid hydrogen is now widely regarded as the optimal choice for transportation and distribution, offering significant advantages in terms of economics, technical feasibility, and energy content [23].…”

Section: Liquid Hydrogen Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

The Status of On-Board Hydrogen Storage in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Gómez

Santos

2023

Designs

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Hydrogen as an energy carrier could help decarbonize industrial, building, and transportation sectors, and be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, power, or heat. One of the numerous ways to solve the climate crisis is to make the vehicles on our roads as clean as possible. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have demonstrated a high potential in storing and converting chemical energy into electricity with zero carbon dioxide emissions. This review paper comprehensively assesses hydrogen’s potential as an innovative alternative for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in transportation, particularly for on-board applications. To evaluate the industry’s current status and future challenges, the work analyses the technology behind FCEVs and hydrogen storage approaches for on-board applications, followed by a market review. It has been found that, to achieve long-range autonomy (over 500 km), FCEVs must be capable of storing 5–10 kg of hydrogen in compressed vessels at 700 bar, with Type IV vessels being the primary option in use. Carbon fiber is the most expensive component in vessel manufacturing, contributing to over 50% of the total cost. However, the cost of FCEV storage systems has considerably decreased, with current estimates around 15.7 $/kWh, and is predicted to drop to 8 $/kWh by 2030. In 2021, Toyota, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, and Honda were the major car brands offering FCEV technology globally. Although physical and chemical storage technologies are expected to be valuable to the hydrogen economy, compressed hydrogen storage remains the most advanced technology for on-board applications.

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Section: Liquid Hydrogen Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

The Status of On-Board Hydrogen Storage in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Gómez

Santos

2023

Designs

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“…Potential Efficiency [75] Methanol fuel processors High [76] Methanol High [77] Ethanol Low [78] Dimethyl ether (DME) a Average [79] N-heptane fuel processor Low [80] Naphtha Low…”

Section: Commercialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Fuel for Future Mobility: Challenges and Future Aspects

Dash,

Chakraborty,

Roccotelli

et al. 2022

Sustainability

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Nowadays, the combustion of fossil fuels for transportation has a major negative impact on the environment. All nations are concerned with environmental safety and the regulation of pollution, motivating researchers across the world to find an alternate transportation fuel. The transition of the transportation sector towards sustainability for environmental safety can be achieved by the manifestation and commercialization of clean hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen fuel for sustainable mobility has its own effectiveness in terms of its generation and refueling processes. As the fuel requirement of vehicles cannot be anticipated because it depends on its utilization, choosing hydrogen refueling and onboard generation can be a point of major concern. This review article describes the present status of hydrogen fuel utilization with a particular focus on the transportation industry. The advantages of onboard hydrogen generation and refueling hydrogen for internal combustion are discussed. In terms of performance, affordability, and lifetime, onboard hydrogen-generating subsystems must compete with what automobile manufacturers and consumers have seen in modern vehicles to date. In internal combustion engines, hydrogen has various benefits in terms of combustive properties, but it needs a careful engine design to avoid anomalous combustion, which is a major difficulty with hydrogen engines. Automobile makers and buyers will not invest in fuel cell technology until the technologies that make up the various components of a fuel cell automobile have advanced to acceptable levels of cost, performance, reliability, durability, and safety. Above all, a substantial advancement in the fuel cell stack is required.

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“…Stoichiometric air mass flow rate dm stochio is dependent on load current draw from the stack I stck and is calculated using number of fuel cells N cell , relative molar mass of oxygen M O2 , stoichiometric air-H 2 ratio λ stochio , mass fraction of O 2 in the air RO 2 and the Faraday number (96,485 C/mol) [218].…”

Section: Fuel Cell Control Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the anode side, H 2 fuel injection is regulated after expansion, depending on the instantaneous air amount in the FC and also the FCS electrical load drawn by the DC/DC boost converter. H 2 mass flow rate dm H2 is also dependent on load current from the stack I stck and is calculated using relative molar mass of hydrogen M H2 and H 2 excess ratio λ H2 (1-1.05) (Equation ( 6)) [218].…”

Section: Fuel Cell Control Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions

et al. 2022

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Long-haul heavy-duty vehicles, including trucks and coaches, contribute to a substantial portion of the modern-day European carbon footprint and pose a major challenge in emissions reduction due to their energy-intensive usage. Depending on the hydrogen fuel source, the use of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) for long-haul applications has shown significant potential in reducing road freight CO2 emissions until the possible maturity of future long-distance battery-electric mobility. Fuel cell heavy-duty (HD) propulsion presents some specific characteristics, advantages and operating constraints, along with the notable possibility of gains in powertrain efficiency and usability through improved system design and intelligent onboard energy and thermal management. This paper provides an overview of the FCEV powertrain topology suited for long-haul HD applications, their operating limitations, cooling requirements, waste heat recovery techniques, state-of-the-art in powertrain control, energy and thermal management strategies and over-the-air route data based predictive powertrain management including V2X connectivity. A case study simulation analysis of an HD 40-tonne FCEV truck is also presented, focusing on the comparison of powertrain losses and energy expenditures in different subsystems while running on VECTO Regional delivery and Longhaul cycles. The importance of hydrogen fuel production pathways, onboard storage approaches, refuelling and safety standards, and fleet management is also discussed. Through a comprehensive review of the H2 fuel cell powertrain technology, intelligent energy management, thermal management requirements and strategies, and challenges in hydrogen production, storage and refuelling, this article aims at helping stakeholders in the promotion and integration of H2 FCEV technology towards road freight decarbonisation.

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On-Board Liquid Hydrogen Cold Energy Utilization System for a Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Hybrid Truck

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

The Status of On-Board Hydrogen Storage in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

The Status of On-Board Hydrogen Storage in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen Fuel for Future Mobility: Challenges and Future Aspects

A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions

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