On-Demand Hydrogen Generation by the Hydrolysis of Ball-Milled Aluminum–Bismuth–Zinc Composites

Davies, Jamey; Preez, S.P. du; Bessarabov, Dmitri

doi:10.3390/ma15031197

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…The most extensively investigated ones include high reaction temperatures (above 100 • C) [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], various acidic [33][34][35], alkali (for aluminum) [36][37][38][39] and salt (NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 , NiCl 2 , CoCl 2 , CuCl 2 , AlCl 3 ) [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] solutions, liquid metal embrittlement (for aluminum) [49][50][51], alloying with metals like Ca, Ni, Sn, Fe, Li, Zn, Bi, Cu (brand-new or recovered from electronic and electrical waste) [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61], preparation of composite powders with metal (Ni, Nd, Bi, Zn, In, Wood's alloy, etc.) [62][63][64][65][66], and non-metal (e.g., NaCl, AlCl 3 , Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 , Bi(OH) 3 , Al(OH) 3 , Al 2 O 3 ) [67][68][69] additives, or their mixtures (e.g., carbon materials with Bi, Ni, Cu, Co, MgCl 2 , AlCl 3 , Ga-based eutecti...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Transformation and Hydrogen Generation Performance of Magnesium Scrap Ball Milled with Devarda’s Alloy

Buryakovskaya

Vlaskin

2022

Materials

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A method for magnesium scrap transformation into highly efficient hydroreactive material was elaborated. Tested samples were manufactured of magnesium scrap with no additives, or 5 and 10 wt.% Devarda’s alloy, by ball milling for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h. Their microstructural evolution and reaction kinetics in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were investigated. For the samples with additives and of scrap only, microstructural evolution included the formation of large plane-shaped pieces (0.5 and 1 h) with their further transformation into small compacted solid-shaped objects (2 and 4 h), along with accumulation of crystal lattice imperfections favoring pitting corrosion, and magnesium oxidation with residual oxygen under prolonged (4 h) ball milling, resulting in the lowest reactions rates. Modification with Devarda’s alloy accelerated microstructural evolution (during 0.5–1 h) and the creation of ‘microgalvanic cells’, enhancing magnesium galvanic corrosion with hydrogen evolution. The 1 h milled samples, with 5 wt.% Devarda’s alloy and without additives, provided the highest hydrogen yields of (95.36 ± 0.38)% and (91.12 ± 1.19)%; maximum reaction rates achieved 470.9 and 143.4 mL/g/min, respectively. Such high results were explained by the combination of the largest specific surface areas, accumulated lattice imperfections, and ‘microgalvanic cells’ (from additive). The optimal values were 1 h of milling and 5 wt.% of additive.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Transformation and Hydrogen Generation Performance of Magnesium Scrap Ball Milled with Devarda’s Alloy

Buryakovskaya

Vlaskin

2022

Materials

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“…Hydrogen, the reductant considered in this study, is currently mainly produced from non-renewable sources, e.g., coal, oil, and natural gas, while water electrolysis accounts for approximately 4% of the globally produced hydrogen [31]. Nevertheless, numerous processes can be employed for generating hydrogen, e.g., thermochemical [32,33], photocatalytic [34,35], photochemical [36,37], photo-electrochemical [38,39], metal and metal hydride hydrolysis [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48], electrochemical [49][50][51][52][53][54], and ammonia and formic acid decomposition [55][56][57] processes, as well as various biological processes [58][59][60]. In this investigation, the hydrogen reductant was generated on-site at Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) Infrastructure, Potchefstroom, South Africa, through proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Pre-Oxidation on the Reducibility of Chromite Using Hydrogen: A Preliminary Study

et al. 2022

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The majority of ferrochrome (FeCr) is produced through the carbothermic reduction of chromite ore. In recent years, FeCr producers have been pressured to curve carbon emissions, necessitating the exploration of alternative smelting methods. The use of hydrogen as a chromite reductant only yields water as a by-product, preventing the formation of carbon monoxide (CO)-rich off-gas. It is however understood that only the Fe-oxide constituency of chromite can be metalized by hydrogen, whereas the chromium (Cr)-oxide constituency requires significantly higher temperatures to be metalized. Considering the alternation of chromite’s spinel structure when oxidized before traditional smelting procedures, the effects on its reducibility using hydrogen were investigated. Firstly, the effect of hydrogen availability was considered and shown to have a significant effect on Fe metallization. Subsequently, spinel alternation induced by pre-oxidation promoted the hydrogen-based reducibly of the Fe-oxide constituency, and up to 88.4% of the Fe-oxide constituency was metallized. The Cr-oxide constituency showed little to no reduction. The increase in Fe-oxide reducibility was ascribed to the formation of an exsolved Fe2O3-enriched sesquioxide phase, which was more susceptible to reduction when compared to Fe-oxides present in the chromite spinel. The extent of Fe metallization of the pre-oxidized chromite was comparable to that of unoxidized chromite under significantly milder reduction conditions.

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“…Most of the previous studies on CuO relied on the use of an additional sacrificing agent such as Na 2 SO 3 , Na 2 S 2 O 3 , HCl, and NaOH [26][27][28]. Moreover, the H 2 rate production was limited [29][30][31][32]. Various fabrication methods of CuO have been reported such as physical sputtering, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis, radiofrequency sputtering, and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Converting Sewage Water into H2 Fuel Gas Using Cu/CuO Nanoporous Photocatalytic Electrodes

et al. 2022

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This work reports on H2 fuel generation from sewage water using Cu/CuO nanoporous (NP) electrodes. This is a novel concept for converting contaminated water into H2 fuel. The preparation of Cu/CuO NP was achieved using a simple thermal combustion process of Cu metallic foil at 550 °C for 1 h. The Cu/CuO surface consists of island-like structures, with an inter-distance of 100 nm. Each island has a highly porous surface with a pore diameter of about 250 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of monoclinic Cu/CuO NP material with a crystallite size of 89 nm. The prepared Cu/CuO photoelectrode was applied for H2 generation from sewage water achieving an incident to photon conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 14.6%. Further, the effects of light intensity and wavelength on the photoelectrode performance were assessed. The current density (Jph) value increased from 2.17 to 4.7 mA·cm−2 upon raising the light power density from 50 to 100 mW·cm−2. Moreover, the enthalpy (ΔH*) and entropy (ΔS*) values of Cu/CuO electrode were determined as 9.519 KJ mol−1 and 180.4 JK−1·mol−1, respectively. The results obtained in the present study are very promising for solving the problem of energy in far regions by converting sewage water to H2 fuel.

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On-Demand Hydrogen Generation by the Hydrolysis of Ball-Milled Aluminum–Bismuth–Zinc Composites

Cited by 22 publications

References 90 publications

Microstructural Transformation and Hydrogen Generation Performance of Magnesium Scrap Ball Milled with Devarda’s Alloy

Microstructural Transformation and Hydrogen Generation Performance of Magnesium Scrap Ball Milled with Devarda’s Alloy

The Effect of Pre-Oxidation on the Reducibility of Chromite Using Hydrogen: A Preliminary Study

Converting Sewage Water into H2 Fuel Gas Using Cu/CuO Nanoporous Photocatalytic Electrodes

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