On Design of Temperature Invariant Physically Unclonable Functions Based on Ring Oscillators

Kumar, Raghavan; Patil, Vinay C.; Kundu, Sandip

doi:10.1109/isvlsi.2012.66

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The average reliability measured from the hybrid RO PUF chips is as high as 99.84% and the worst-case reliability is 98.28% at −40 • C. The results attest that the frequency of hybrid RO is much less susceptible to temperature fluctuation. Comparing with the worst-case reliability of 82% at 100 • C reported in [2] for the classic RO PUF, our proposed RO PUF has increased its temperature reliability by more than 16%.…”

Section: B Reliability Of the Proposed Hybrid Ro Pufmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Many PUFs have been proposed and successfully implemented in mobile devices [2]- [6]. Ring oscillator (RO) PUF is superior to other silicon-based PUFs [7] in the following ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) Difference in RO frequencies can be amplified by allowing them to "ring" for a longer time. Albeit the above advantages of RO PUF, the reliability of its responses is still highly susceptible to temperature variations [2]. In [8], a temperature-aware cooperative RO PUF is proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Low-Power Hybrid RO PUF With Improved Thermal Stability for Lightweight Applications

Cao

Zhang

Chang

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.

107

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Ring oscillator (RO)-based physical unclonable function (PUF) is resilient against noise impacts, but its response is susceptible to temperature variations. This paper presents a low-power and small footprint hybrid RO PUF with a very high temperature stability, which makes it an ideal candidate for lightweight applications. The negative temperature coefficient of the low-power subthreshold operation of current starved inverters is exploited to mitigate the variations of differential RO frequencies with temperature. The new architecture uses conspicuously simplified circuitries to generate and compare a large number of pairs of RO frequencies. The proposed ninestage hybrid RO PUF was fabricated using global foundry 65-nm CMOS technology. The PUF occupies only 250 µm 2 of chip area and consumes only 32.3 µW per challenge response pair at 1.2 V and 230 MHz. The measured average and worst-case reliability of its responses are 99.84% and 97.28%, respectively, over a wide range of temperature from −40 to 120 • C.Index Terms-Hardware security, physical unclonable function (PUF), process variation, ring oscillator (RO), temperature stability.

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Section: B Reliability Of the Proposed Hybrid Ro Pufmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Many PUFs have been proposed and successfully implemented in mobile devices [2]- [6]. Ring oscillator (RO) PUF is superior to other silicon-based PUFs [7] in the following ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Low-Power Hybrid RO PUF With Improved Thermal Stability for Lightweight Applications

Cao

Zhang

Chang

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It would have comparatively better flip rates, but reduced variability. Many mature techniques exist to compensate for temperature and voltage variation [32], [33]. These techniques operate at the flip rates expressed by LSB and 2nd LSB.…”

Section: Intra-chip Reproducibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Barrel Shifter Physical Unclonable Function Based Encryption

2018

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Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are circuits designed to extract physical randomness from the underlying circuit. This randomness depends on the manufacturing process. It differs for each device enabling chip-level authentication and key generation [1] applications. We present a protocol utilizing a PUF for secure data transmission. Parties each have a PUF used for encryption and decryption; this is facilitated by constraining the PUF to be commutative. This framework is evaluated with a primitive permutation network -a barrel shifter [2]. Physical randomness is derived from the delay of different shift paths. Barrel shifter (BS) PUF captures the delay of different shift paths. This delay is entangled with message bits before they are sent across an insecure channel. BS-PUF is implemented using transmission gates; their characteristics ensure same-chip reproducibility, a necessary property of PUFs. Post-layout simulations of a common centroid layout [3] 8-level barrel shifter in 0.13 µm technology assess uniqueness, stability and randomness properties. BS-PUFs pass all selected NIST statistical randomness tests [4]. Stability similar to Ring Oscillator (RO) PUFs under environment variation is shown. Logistic regression of 100, 000 plaintext-ciphertext pairs (PCPs) failed to successfully model BS-PUF behavior.The key contributions of this paper are: (1) We explore several PUFs based information exchange protocols which serves to encrypt/decrypt information, find the best protocol through analysis; (2) this protocol requires PUFs to be physically commutative. We develop a framework for physically commutative PUFs based on permutation networks; (3) We evaluate permutation networks based physically commutative PUF framework with a primitive permutation network using barrel shifters. Barrel shifters have symmetric input to output path delays. Hence if two different paths within the same barrel shifter generate randomly uncorrelated delays, it is a strong lower bound for randomness in general permutation networks with more skewed path delays; (4) The results show good same chip, same path delay reproducibility; good differentiation between different chip, same path delay and same chip, different path delay; delays within 1-bit accuracy for the logic high and logic low propagation through the same path demonstrates physical commutativity; and good pseudorandom number generator properties for delay. This paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces communication protocol. Section III illustrates commutative PUF encryption protocol. Section IV shows the schematic of barrel shifter PUF. Section V presents the detailed circuit implementation of barrel shifter PUF. Variability/reproducibility and commutativity test results based on post-layout simulations are presented in Section VI. Performance of BS-PUFs based encryption protocol is evaluated in Section VII. Sections VIII and IX discuss future work and conclusions. II. COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

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“…They use delay loops to generate Ring Oscillator Physical Unclonable Functions (ROPUFs), simple circuits that oscillate with a frequency affected by fabrication variations and hence would not be predictable, but could still easily be established by a counter shown in Figure 24. ROPUFs have become one of the most widespread physical unclonable functions, seeking more security and smaller area [127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136], although the most recently proposed implementation [137] is not universal and its structure must be adapted to the type (analog, digital, or mixed) and size of the chip. Nonetheless, it seems that the security goal is still at a distance of being achieved, as a complete characterization of arbiter PUFs was demonstrated in [138] using backside photonic emission analysis, with the claim that this method is applicable to all delay-based PUFs.…”

Section: A2 Authenticationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniquely Identifiable Tamper-Evident Device Using Coupling between Subwavelength Gratings

Fièvre¹

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On Design of Temperature Invariant Physically Unclonable Functions Based on Ring Oscillators

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

A Low-Power Hybrid RO PUF With Improved Thermal Stability for Lightweight Applications

A Low-Power Hybrid RO PUF With Improved Thermal Stability for Lightweight Applications

Barrel Shifter Physical Unclonable Function Based Encryption

Uniquely Identifiable Tamper-Evident Device Using Coupling between Subwavelength Gratings

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