On Exploiting Active Redundancy of a Modular Multilevel Converter to Balance Reliability and Operational Flexibility

Kang, Jaesik; Kim, Heejin; Jung, Hye-Mi; Lee, Dong Su; Kim, Chan-Ki; Mantooth, H. Alan; Hur, Kyeong

doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2846406

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The number of redundant SMs depends on the redundancy methods [57]. For a passive mode (cold reserve state) for the redundancy, the number of redundant SMs is a variable independent of the MMC-HVDC system operation in which economics and reliability are to be considered together.…”

Section: B: the Number Of Sms And Redundant Smsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it can be determined through optimization to enhance the MMC-HVDC system reliability after the system variables are determined. Otherwise, an active mode (hot spinning reserve state) has an effect on capacitor voltage ripple and switching frequency depending on power losses [57]. In the case of the active mode, the number of redundant SMs should be considered with reliability and economical requirement as well as system loss evaluation.…”

Section: B: the Number Of Sms And Redundant Smsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where C 0 is initial parameter of SM capacitor which would be updated during the process, EP 0 is energy per power ratio (20∼50 [kJ/MVA]) for the capacitance that meets the normal operation of MMC [26], [30]- [33], [57], and S n is the apparent power based on V dc I dc /cos(ϕ).…”

Section: B Design Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to the characteristics of MMC, however, voltage ripple is additionally generated by various capacitor voltage sorting techniques, which denote forced ripples generated by external factors [40]. Based on the characteristics, the active mode redundancy method could inversely reduce the capacitor voltage ripple [57], and thus the system loss evaluation should be investigated with the various relationship in terms of reliability and economical requirement. Therefore, for the system loss, the voltage ripple is determined according to the SM capacitance, the sorting algorithms, and redundancy methods.…”

Section: ) System Loss Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the switching frequency that can satisfy the system loss can be determined. Since this study was extensively scrutinized by previous studies [57], [59], [60], only the verification is conducted with an assumption that a required MMC-HVDC system adopts the passive mode redundancy method in this paper.…”

Section: ) System Loss Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design Procedure of MMC-HVDC System: Comprehensive Consideration of Internal and External Dynamics

Kang

Lee

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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This paper proposes a systematic design procedure with comprehensive consideration of the internal and external dynamics in modular multilevel converter high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) transmission system. Previous studies on MMC parameter selection separately deal with each specific component such as energy storage capacity for voltage ripple of sub-module (SM) capacitor, arm inductance for second harmonic circulating current reduction, maximum allowable modulation index for MMC operating condition, which considered only a single purpose. However, the parameters respond dynamically to their characteristics and interact directly with the MMC performance, power system conditions, and specific requirements. In this study, we investigate the mutual relationships between the parameters and their performance. Then, we determine the parameter values based on a proposed systematic design procedure with the desired objectives and restricted conditions, which could be cumbersome and time-consuming to approach proper and acceptable parameter values. Therefore, this study could provide engineering evaluations and insights to help MMC-HVDC system engineers and project developers in intuitive approaches regarding the design aspects of the technology requirement challenges. The efficacy and accuracy of the analysis and design method for the MMC-HVDC system parameters were validated by PSCAD/EMTDC time-domain simulation and real-time digital simulation with hardware-in-loop system.

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Section: B: the Number Of Sms And Redundant Smsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B: the Number Of Sms And Redundant Smsmentioning

confidence: 99%