On Intelligence in Cells: The Case for Whole Cell Biology

Abstract

Biology needs revolution. All my adult life, I have been lost with admiration for the achievements in molecular biology and genetics, and I have come to know many of the main proponents. Yet there is an alternative aspect: in studying the minutiae, we have lost sight of the whole cell as organism. Living cells within the body are modelled in this paper as coordinated but essentially autonomous entities. We shall see how independent cells in nature have remarkable abilities to make decisions and take constructive action, which correlate with the definitions of intelligence.We are taught that the brain controls everything that goes on in the body, yet in this paper, we discover that most of the body's cells are invisible to the brain and are indifferent to its regulation. We encounter a novel model of the brain in which the neuron is viewed as an ingenious entity that 'thinks' within itself. The brain is not a 'super computer' but an entire community of them. We shall set the reductionism of molecular biology and the elementary mechanisms of genetics into a more realistic perspective and will recognize that the cell as organism matters above all. In future, whole cell biology should become the focus of the biosciences and the intelligent cell lies at its heart.

Computing by physical interaction in neurons

“…Theoretical models and previous experimental data that analyzed structural elements within proteins confirmed this important phenomenon (Levitt & Chothia, 1976). More importantly, since the roots of intelligent action lie deep in computing by physical interaction in single neurons (Ford, 2009;Aur, 2011) in many simple organisms, the decision-making abilities are taken without delivering spikes within a millisecond range (Ford, 2010). The process of physical interaction when information is \read", \written" or processed within a neuron are related to semantics of cognitive phenomena.…”

A comparative analysis of integrating visual information in local neuronal ensembles

“…Indeed, the roots of intelligent action seem to lie deep in information processing performed by single cells (Ford, 2009, 2010). These simple cells have evolved to carry electric signals ‘became’ neurons in order to electrically integrate various information in the brain.…”

Principles of Noology

“…1, the paradigm developed in this book is potentially applicable to the understanding of cellular systems. As noted by some biological researchers (Albrecht-Buehler 2013;Ford 2009;Hameroff 1987), cells are intelligent systems in themselves, even though this is currently not a mainstream view. As suggested by Hameroff (1987), a cytoskeletal component, the microtubules, may be able to perform computation, and hence they constitute the "nervous systems" of the cell.…”