On-Line Optimization of Direct-Injection-Timing for SI-CAI Hybrid Combustion in a PFI-DI Gasoline Engine

A survey on online learning and optimization for spark advance control of SI engines

“…One recent application of sinusoid-based ES scheme in engine combustion control was in [34], where the architecture in Figure 4 was implemented for direct injection timing optimization on a gasoline engine which is equipped with both port fuel injection and direct injection. Addressing the multi-variable combustion optimization problem from the sinusoid-based ES view was reported in [26].…”

“…The method proposed in [34] deals with the physical constraints in SA optimization though converting the constraints in the performance function by introducing a penalty factor, as written in the following equation:…”

“…This article first considers extremum seeking (ES) control algorithms for iteration solution of online optimization problems in spark advance optimization applications. Three classes of ES are successively reviewed: stochastic approximation-based ES [7,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], sinusoid-based ES [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], and natural perturbation-based ES [36][37][38][39]. This article then focuses on stochastic threshold control algorithms for iterative solution of probability control problems in knock limit control applications [2,10,11,[40][41][42][43][44][45].…”