On littoral Cladocera of Iraq

Factors which affect the abundance of an invasive cladoceran, Daphnia lumholtzi, in U.S. reservoirs

“…Firstly, the native and new habitats have similar maximum temperatures. Daphnia lumholtzi has primarily been recorded in reservoirs, rivers, ephemeral lakes or other disturbed systems in its native range (Khalaf & Smirnof, 1976;Bricker, Wongrat & Gannon, 1978;Duncan, 1984;Geddes, 1984;Mangalo & Akbar, 1988;Timms, 1989;Mishra & Saksena, 1990;King & Greenwood, 1992), although it also occurs in some natural lakes (Green, 1967;Timms, 1973;Swar & Fernando, 1979). This tropical/subtropical origin may explain its ability to withstand higher temperature than the native North American zooplankton, which probably evolved in north temperate lakes (Hrbacek, 1987).…”

“…Secondly, invasion theory predicts that a species adapted to disturbed habitats is more likely to invade successfully (Orians, 1986). Daphnia lumholtzi has primarily been recorded in reservoirs, rivers, ephemeral lakes or other disturbed systems in its native range (Khalaf & Smirnof, 1976;Bricker, Wongrat & Gannon, 1978;Duncan, 1984;Geddes, 1984;Mangalo & Akbar, 1988;Timms, 1989;Mishra & Saksena, 1990;King & Greenwood, 1992), although it also occurs in some natural lakes (Green, 1967;Timms, 1973;Swar & Fernando, 1979). Thirdly, the extremely long head and tail spines may reduce its vulnerability to predation by fish and invertebrates that are naive it (Swift & Fedorenko, 1975;O'Brien et al, 1980;Havel & Dodson, 1984;Havel, 1985;Parejko, 1991).…”

Seasonal variation in the populations of moina Macrocopa strauss and Moina micrura kurz (crustacea : cladocera) in zoafaraniyah pools

“…Many cladoceran species were listed from several parts of Iraq (Gurney, 1921 ;Mohammad, 1965 ;Khalaf & Smirnov, 1976) . But there is little information concerning biological and ecological aspects of some of these species .…”

Some comments on tropical littoral Cladocera, with a description of Alona incredibilis sp. nov.

“…Dumont, 1981 ;Brandorff, Koste & Smirnov, 1982 ;Idris & Fernando, 1981 ;Korovchinsky, 1981Korovchinsky, , 1982 . Experience in sub-tropical countries also revealed many species and genera new for science, as well as distinctive features of taxocenoses (Khalaf & Smirnov, 1976 ;Smirnov, 1971Smirnov, , 1976Smirnov, , 1977Smirnov & Timms, 1983) . Specialized species are found in particular substrata, as it was, for example, in mosslike underwater (Fryer & Paggi, 1972) or abovewater substrata (Frey, 1980) .…”