On–off laser diode control for phase retrieval in phase-shifting interferometry

Rivera-Ortega, Uriel; Dirckx, Joris J.J.

doi:10.1364/ao.54.003576

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It is known that electrical current, vibrations, temperature fluctuations , and air pressure can destabilize the frequency of a laser diode, which is directly related with its wavelength by

λ = \frac{c}{v}

, where λ is its wavelength, v its frequency, and c is the velocity of light in vacuum. In the present proposal, the input current of a laser diode is modulated via an analog voltage generating wavelength increments Δ λ , which cannot be seen by the naked eye because of the minimum generated wavelength variations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple LabVIEW‐MATLAB implementation to observe the wavelength tunability of a laser diode with a diffraction grating

Rivera-Ortega

2015

Comp Applic In Engineering

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It is well known that one of the features of a laser diode is its wavelength tunability, which can be modulated with a variable injection current and/or temperature of its active region. The wavelength of a laser source is commonly associated with its output color in the visible spectrum; however, if a wavelength change is not long enough to be observed as a color variation in the output beam, a wavelength meter or an interferometer setup should be needed for a quantitative or qualitative observation, respectively. In this manuscript, it is described a simple method to observe the wavelength tunability of a laser diode when a variable voltage is applied to its input by analyzing the diffraction orders displacements produced when the output beam passes through a transmissive diffraction grating. This demonstration is suitable to be implemented in undergraduate engineering laboratories for topics related to optics, helping students understand basic physics concepts such as diffraction and wavelength. ß 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:365-370, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae;

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“…It is known that electrical current, vibrations, temperature fluctuations , and air pressure can destabilize the frequency of a laser diode, which is directly related with its wavelength by

λ = \frac{c}{v}

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple LabVIEW‐MATLAB implementation to observe the wavelength tunability of a laser diode with a diffraction grating

Rivera-Ortega

2015

Comp Applic In Engineering

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“…Experimentally, in PSI and GPSI a phase-step can be introduced using different methods; for instance, by changing the optical path using a mirror on a piezoelectric transducer [7], by inducing changes in the refractive index [8], by means of tilting a glass plate [9], using frequency shifts between the two interfering beams induced by the Zeeman effect [10] or wavelength variations with the Doppler effect [11]. Further techniques include the modulation of polarization [12], a lateral displacements of a grating [13], or a wavelength tunability of a laser diode [14], among others. As a particular case, in this manuscript the phase shifting has been simulated by tilting and/or translating a movable mirror corresponding to one of the arms of a Michelson interferometer.…”

Section: Phase-shifting Interferometry (Psi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing the phenomena of wave interference, phase-shifting and polarization by interactive computer simulations

Rivera-Ortega¹,

Dirckx²

2015

Eur. J. Phys.

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In this manuscript a computer based simulation is proposed for teaching concepts of interference of light (under the scheme of a Michelson interferometer), phase-shifting and polarization states. The user can change some parameters of the interfering waves, such as their amplitude and phase difference in order to graphically represent the polarization state of a simulated travelling wave. Regarding to the interference simulation, the user is able to change the wavelength and type of the interfering waves by selecting combinations between planar and Gaussian profiles, as well as the optical path difference by translating or tilting one of the two mirrors in the interferometer setup, all of this via a graphical user interface (GUI) designed in MATLAB. A theoretical introduction and simulation results for each phenomenon will be shown. Due to the simulation characteristics, this GUI can be a very good nonformal learning resource.

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“…A three-beam Mach-Zehnder interferometer is employed experimentally, where one of the arms is selected to be used as a probe and the others are used as reference arms. The phase difference of these references is considered to be spatially variable within the range π (0, ) instead of constant as considered in [17,18] and it is gotten by adjusting their optical path difference. On the other hand, the on-off modulation in the beams is done by blocking and unblocking them, thus, the amplitudes take only zero or maximum value.…”

Section: On-off Nqammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimentally, in PSI and GPSI a phase-step can be introduced from different methods, for instance: by changing the optical path using a displacing mirror on a piezoelectric transducer [9], by inducing changes in the refractive index [10,11], by means of tilting a glass plate [12], using frequency shifts between the two interfering beams induced by the Zeeman effect [13] or wavelength variations with the Doppler effect [14]. Further techniques include the modulation of polarization [15] or lateral displacements of a grating [16], and the modulation of the input current in a laser diode [17] among others. The importance of the phase calculation of the object phase is that under specific treatments (regardless of the method/ theory used to calculate it), relevant information of the object such as geometry, refractive index, temperature and thickness can be retrieved as mentioned before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-quadrature amplitude modulation: a novel interferometric method for phase retrieval

Rivera-Ortega¹,

Meneses-Fabian²

2015

Eur. J. Phys.

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Phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) is a well-known technique used to calculate the phase of a resulting wavefront. This wavefront is commonly originated from the superposition of a known reference wavefront with a distorted wavefront, resulting in an interference pattern. In order to extract information about the resulting wavefront (which can be related to surfaces thicknesses, surface roughness, optical power, material homogeneity, temperature, index of refraction, just to mention a few), a set of interference patterns are generally changed in a known phase-step to form a resoluble system of equations. In PSI the contrast, visibility and phase variations of the resulting interference patterns are considered homogeneous and spatially constant, respectively. These conditions are hard to obtain experimentally, even though a carefully calibrated phase shifter and/or optical elements of high quality are used to carry out the experimental setup. In this manuscript, we present a novel and alternative method for phase extraction named phasevisibility modulating interferometry (PVMI), which introduces spatial variations of phase and visibility in the interferogram. The phase is computed from the measured intensities, and thus the interferograms can be normalized and their phase variations can be also known. The spatial variations are introduced by modulating in phase and amplitude a reference beam by nonquadrature amplitude modulation (NQAM), achieved by the sum of two beams out of phase within the range (0, 2Pi) and by the modulation of their amplitudes. NQAM is produced in this proposal by using dark sheets as amplitude filters, neutral density filters and the diffraction orders of a grating, which considerably reduce the expenses generated when using common

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On–off laser diode control for phase retrieval in phase-shifting interferometry

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

A simple LabVIEW‐MATLAB implementation to observe the wavelength tunability of a laser diode with a diffraction grating

A simple LabVIEW‐MATLAB implementation to observe the wavelength tunability of a laser diode with a diffraction grating

Visualizing the phenomena of wave interference, phase-shifting and polarization by interactive computer simulations

Non-quadrature amplitude modulation: a novel interferometric method for phase retrieval

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