On precursory ULF/ELF electromagnetic signatures for the Kobe earthquake on April 12, 2013

Schekotov, A.; Izutsu, Jun; Hayakawa, Masashi

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.02.019

Cited by 16 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Japan remained seismically rather quiet though some enhancement in seismicity was observed such as an M (magnitude) 6 class EQ in 2013 in the same place as the 1995 Kobe EQ [2]. Though the medium-term forecast suggested that the occurrence probability of M7 class EQs for the coming 30 years in the Kumamoto region of Kyushu Island was about 1% or so, there happened a series of serious EQs in the region of Kumamoto.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Precursors to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes

Schekotov¹,

Izutsu²,

Asano³

et al. 2017

OJER

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The Kumamoto area of Kyusyu Island was attacked by a series of large earthquakes (EQs) in April, 2016. The first two foreshocks had the magnitudes of 6.5 and 6.4, and about 1 day later there was the main shock on 15 April (UT) with magnitude 7.3. These are fault-type EQs, and so we would expect a variety of electromagnetic precursors to these EQs because we had detected different phenomena for the 1995 Kobe EQ, same fault-type EQ. As for the lithospheric effect, the ULF data at Kanoya observatory (about 150 km from the EQ epicenters) are used, but the simple statistical analysis could not provide us with any clear evidence of ULF radiation from the lithosphere. However, our conventional analyses indicated clear signatures in the atmosphere as ULF/ELF impulsive emissions and also in the ionosphere as observed by means of VLF propagation anomalies and ULF depression. ULF/ELF radiation appeared on 8-11 April (in UT) (maximum on 10 and 11 April (UT)), while ULF depression took place on 8 and 10 April (in UT), so that both atmospheric radiation and ionospheric perturbation took place nearly during the same time period.

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confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Precursors to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes

Schekotov¹,

Izutsu²,

Asano³

et al. 2017

OJER

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“…Hayakawa (2013) [37] presented a hypothesis of the possible seismogenic ULF/ELF radiation as the agent for abnormal animal behavior based on the extensive comparison of the characteristics of abnormal animal behavior by Rikitake [2] with those of different electromagnetic phenomena so far reported [3]- [6]. Though the ULF (frequency = 0.01 -0.02 Hz) emissions are not clearly detected by the conventional statistical analysis [27], the non-conventional critical analysis based on NT analysis has yielded the criticality during 27 March to the beginning of April [28], which might indicate the generation of relatively weak seismogenic ULF emissions as compared with conspicuous high-intensity emissions for large EQs [11] [12]. And the depression of milk yield of cows was observed around 3 April, relatively close to the dates of supposed weak ULF emissions.…”

Section: Discussion On Possible Sensory Mechanism Of Abnormal Animal mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 3 illustrates a summary of the temporal evolutions of the abnormal animal behavior as studied in this paper, ULF radiation [27] (conventional statistical analysis), ULF radiation (non-conventional critical analysis) [28], ELF (extremely low frequency) radiation [31], ULF depression (as a signature of lower ionospheric perturbation) [32] and VLF propagation anomaly indicative of the lower ionospheric perturbation [33] [34]. In the first row, we observed the abnormal depletion of the milk yield of cows around 3 April.…”

Section: Comparison With Electromagnetic Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because EQs are extremely rare in this part of Japan, we will take this EQ as an example for our precursor case studies. There have already been reported on the precursors of seismogenic ULF (ultra low frequency) radiation [27] [28] for this EQ. So, the purpose of this paper is to report first on the abnormal animal behavior, especially the milk yield of cows as studied by Yamauchi et al (2014) [25], at a particular place close to this EQ epicenter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Precursory Abnormal Animal Behavior and Electromagnetic Effects for the Kobe Earthquake (M~6) on April 12, 2013

Hayakawa¹,

Yamauchi²,

Ohtani³

et al. 2016

OJER

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After the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (EQ), there have been numerous aftershocks in the eastern and Pacific Ocean of Japan, but EQs are still rare in the western part of Japan. In this situation a relatively large (magnitude (M) ~6) EQ happened on April 12 (UT), 2013 at a place close to the former 1995 Kobe EQ (M~7), so we have tried to find whether there existed any precursors to this EQ, especially abnormal animal behavior (milk yield of cows), observed at Kagawa, Shikoku, near the EQ epicenter. The milk yield of cows has been continuously monitored at Kagawa, and it is found that the milk yield exhibited an abnormal depletion about 10 days before the EQ. This behavior has been extensively compared with the former electromagnetic precursors (ULF radiation, ionos-* Corresponding author. M. Hayakawa et al.166 pheric perturbation). This leads to the discussion on the sensory mechanism of unusual behavior of mild yield of cows, and it may be suggested that ULF radiation among different electromagnetic precursors is a mostly likely driver, at least, for this EQ.

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“…For example, variations have been detected three weeks before the earthquake that happened on the 11 of March 2011, with an 8.9 magnitude in front of the Japanese coast [51]. Signals anomalies were detected for few days, as well ahead before the Sichuan earthquake that took place with a magnitude of 8.0 [52], and the Kobe earthquake of 6.0 magnitude in 2013 [53].…”

Section: Elf Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Applied Engineering Using Schumann Resonance for Earthquakes Monitoring

et al. 2017

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For populations that may be affected, the risks of earthquakes and tsunamis are a major concern worldwide. Therefore, early detection of an event of this type in good time is of the highest priority. The observatories that are capable of detecting Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) waves (<300 Hz) today represent a breakthrough in the early detection and study of such phenomena. In this work, all earthquakes with tsunami associated in history and all existing ELF wave observatories currently located worldwide are represented. It was also noticed how the southern hemisphere lacks coverage in this matter. In this work, the most suitable locations are proposed to cover these geographical areas. Also, ELF data processed obtained from the observatory of the University of Almeria in Calar Alto, Spain are shown. This is a contribution to help protect against natural disasters such as those caused by earthquakes and tsunamis.

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On precursory ULF/ELF electromagnetic signatures for the Kobe earthquake on April 12, 2013

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

Electromagnetic Precursors to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes

Electromagnetic Precursors to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes

On the Precursory Abnormal Animal Behavior and Electromagnetic Effects for the Kobe Earthquake (M~6) on April 12, 2013

Applied Engineering Using Schumann Resonance for Earthquakes Monitoring

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