On self-adaptation in systems-of-systems

Romay, M. Pilar; Cuesta, Carlos E.; Fernández‐Sanz, Luis

doi:10.1145/2489850.2489856

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The search was limited to Title-Abstract-Keywords. Studies [5,12,13,31,32,39,50,53,57,58,69] were returned, and, to the best of our knowledge, they are the only studies on architectural patterns and styles for SoS architectures. We also looked for architectural patterns and styles for self-organizing systems, since they share characteristics of dynamism and emergent behaviors with SoS [16,53,56].…”

Section: Identification Of Mediation Requirements In Sosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Categories of mediators were organized in a threelayered architecture, called MediArch, detailed in the "Software mediators for SoS" section. The structure of this mediators-oriented architecture was based on the architectural pattern of pace layering, which enables the construction of complex behaviors through layer hierarchies [57]. In this pattern, lower layers implement fast adaptations (e.g., reconfigurations of constituent systems) and support interoperability of constituent systems, and higher layers are responsible for timedemanding adaptations (i.e., selection of the best policy or plan for reconfiguring the SoS) and address reliability requirements [57].…”

Section: Definition Of Mediarchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3a-d. They were abstracted from architectural patterns/styles pipe-filter, publish-subscribe, observer-controller, and pace layering, which are some approaches used for communication & coordination purposes in SoS [32,39,57], as shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Communication and Coordination Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 a-d, were defined to support interoperable and secure communications and collaborations among entities, through operations on exchanged data or protocols. These mediators were abstracted from architectural styles/patterns trickle-up, SOA, shared-data, and broker, which have been applied for conversion purposes in SoS [32,37,57,58].…”

Section: Conversion Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Software mediators as first-class entities of systems-of-systems software architectures

2019

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Context: In contrast to traditional software systems that are mostly created from scratch, current software systems are engineered as a junction of systems already in operation. Examples can be found in domains, such as smart cities, crisis and emergency, IoT, big data, industry 4.0, and connected health systems. Most of them can be considered systems-of-systems (SoS), since they refer to alliances of operational and managerial independent software-intensive systems, which are sometimes distributed over different environments. Therefore, SoS software architectures must be dynamic, evolve over time, and support the execution of emergent behaviors to accomplish SoS missions. They must be also designed to enable the connection of heterogeneous systems, making possible their interoperation, communication, coordination, cooperation, and collaboration, most of the times, in a seamless way. Similar challenges have been addressed by using software mediators as architectural entities. However, the application of mediators in SoS has not been properly explored. Goal: This article introduces MediArch, a layered architecture that considers mediators as first-class software entities to be used in the construction of SoS architectures. Our objective is to present evidence about how MediArch's can support the construction of SoS architectures. Methods: The following four steps were conducted to define MediArch: (1) identification of mediation requirements to allow SoS properties; (2) establishment and categorization of twelve types of mediators, for enabling capabilities of communication and control of constituent systems interactions and conversion of heterogeneous messages exchanged through a mediation infrastructure; (3) specification of duties, behaviors, assumptions, and guarantees of mediators; and (4) organization of MediArch in three layers, namely, the constituents & consumer systems layer; the communication, conversion, & coordination layer; and the control layer. This architecture was used as the backbone for the software architectures of two SoS in different domains, namely, flood monitoring system-of-systems (FMSoS), and health-care supportive home system-of-systems (HSH-SoS), for providing evidence on how MediArch supports the architecting process of SoS. Results: MediArch (1) supports the integration of independent constituent systems, (2) provides strategies to manage emergent behaviors, (3) defines different schemes of control authorities, (4) offers elements to support SoS evolution, and (5) promotes the resilience and adaptability of SoS architectures. Conclusions: Although MediArch contributes to the establishment of SoS architectures, some challenges related to performance, resource consumption, security, safety, and non-disruptive reconfigurations must still be overcome.

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Section: Identification Of Mediation Requirements In Sosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definition Of Mediarchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Communication and Coordination Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conversion Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Software mediators as first-class entities of systems-of-systems software architectures

2019

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“…Furthermore, the inherent geographical distribution of constituent systems within an SoS hampers the adoption of centralized solutions for controlling self-adaptation, mainly when taking into account quality requirements such as resilience, robustness, and scalability [5]. Despite the relevance of self-adaptation as a key concern in SoS, there has been a limited work paying attention to it [6,7].…”

Section: Self-awareness and Sosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting Goal-Oriented Models for Self-Aware Systems-of-Systems

Cavalcante

Batista

Bencomo

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing

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Systems-of-systems (SoS) are systems resulted from the interaction among other independent constituent systems that collaborate to offer new functionalities towards accomplishing global missions. Each of these constituent systems accomplishes its individual missions and is able to contribute to the achievement of the global missions of the SoS, both being viewed as a set of associated goals. In the perspective of self-aware systems, SoS need to exhibit goal-awareness, i.e., they need to be aware of their own goals and of how their constituent systems contribute to their accomplishment. In this paper, we revisit goal-oriented concepts aiming at identifying and modeling goals at both SoS level and the constituent systems level. Moreover, we take advantage of such goaloriented models to express the relationship among goals at these levels as well as to define how each constituent system can contribute to the accomplishment of global goals of an SoS. In addition, we shed light on important issues related to goal modeling in self-aware SoS to be addressed in future research.

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How to steer evolution of a system‐of‐systems

Fendali,

Borne,

Meslati

et al. 2024

Systems Engineering

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This paper presents a system‐theoretic study of how System‐of‐Systems (SoS) evolution can be steered towards any desirable direction. For practitioners, this is a non‐trivial undertaking because of the potential resistance to change from the independent constituents. In this paper, we highlight this subject as a gap in the literature on SoS evolution, but not only. We review the characteristics of the SoS evolution context to establish that, despite the limitations in visibility and control, a SoS will still exhibit many evolutionary tendencies and dynamics, which can be harnessed for steering its evolution. Based on that, we present a set of six 6 prescriptive heuristics which practitioners can turn to when they need a SoS to move in any desired direction. These heuristics optimize for making the best use of one's available (direct and indirect) leverages. The usefulness and broad applicability of the proposed heuristics are illustrated through case studies of two distinct real‐world SoSs, namely, the Internet and the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS).

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On self-adaptation in systems-of-systems

Cited by 6 publications

References 49 publications

Software mediators as first-class entities of systems-of-systems software architectures

Software mediators as first-class entities of systems-of-systems software architectures

Revisiting Goal-Oriented Models for Self-Aware Systems-of-Systems

How to steer evolution of a system‐of‐systems

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