On-site sanitation: a viable alternative to modern wastewater treatment plants

Abstract

Rapid population growth and urbanization are exerting excessive pressure on soil and water resources. To address these problems this paper proposes a cheap and sustainable alternative sanitation system, which accelerates nutrient recycling ("closing the loop"): ecological sanitation (ecosan) is a potential alternative to conventional sanitation systems that replenishes the organic matter and nutrients of the soil that are taken off as the crop harvest. A comparison is made of the environmental and the operation and maintenance costs between a modern wastewater treatment plant and on-site sanitation. An elevated double box urine diverting toilet ("ecotoilet") is proposed and its advantages and disadvantages over a system with a centrally controlled modern WWTP are discussed. Bagmati Area Sewerage Project in Kathmandu is taken as an example of modern WWTP and ecosan being practiced in a village in Nepal is taken as an example of ecotoilet for the comparison.

Urine for Plasmonic Nanoparticle‐Based Colorimetric Detection of Mercury Ion

“…The above results prove that urine in addition to being used in farming as fertilizer (due to its nitrogen‐rich metabolic by‐products), for water recycling (the content of water in urine is more than 95%),22 or in traditional Chinese medicine,23 it can also be used for some specific functions such as Hg 2+ sensing, or even as an antidote for mercury poisoning in emergency circumstances. It is then concluded that things in nature always maintain mutual relationship of generation and restriction, meaning normal things can possess surprising functions toward special target simply and efficiently.…”

Global Methane Emissions from Pit Latrines

“… a Reference . b References − c References and . d Reference . e Representative regional (Figure ). f Calculated from eq . …”

“…The interest rate ( r ) was 4%, the investment lifetime ( L ) was 20 years, and S was used to scale from per capita to household costs. Capital cost estimates were collected from technical documents and case studies of on-site sanitation development in Africa and Asia, ,− and annual O&M costs were assumed to be 5% of capital costs for simple pit latrines and 10% of capital costs for more maintenance-intensive composting toilets and biogas…”

Studi Penggunaan Kloset Kering Pemisah Urin dan Tinja untuk Peningkatan Pengelolaan Limbah Urin dan Tinja pada Permukiman Di Surabaya

“…Recovery tinja dilakukan melalui proses composting. Tinja kering dari kloset kering pemisah urin dan tinja dikomposkan dengan bahan adsorben seperti abu, potongan kertas untuk penghilangan bakteri pathogen (Lamichhane, 2007). Menurut Nakagawa et al (2006), kompos jadi dari tinja dapat digunakan kembali untuk pupuk tanaman…”