“…In other words, the constrain ratio is greater than one and, moreover, it will be perfect if the constraint ratio reaches the optimal value of 2 (Wu and Hu, 2012;Nguyen-Xuan and Liu, 2015). Also, an alternative approach based on the usual piecewise linear displacements enriched with a cubic bubble function and an edge-based strain smoothing was investigated for voumetric locking (Nguyen-Xuan and Liu, 2013;Ong et al, 2015). A variational multi-scale analysis (Wu et al, 2014) was presented to help elucidate the origins of two-level mesh repartitioning scheme for the volumetric locking-free analysis of nearincompressible problems as well.…”