On the accuracy and reproducibility of fiber optic (FO) and infrared (IR) temperature measurements of solid materials in microwave applications

Abstract

The accuracy and reproducibility of temperature measurements in solid materials under microwave heating are investigated in this work using two of the most celebrated temperature measurement techniques, namely fiber optic probes (FO) and infrared (IR) sensors. Two solid materials with a wide range of applications in heterogeneous catalysis and different microwave absorbing capabilities are examined: CeO 2 -ZrO 2 and Al 2 O 3 particles. We investigate a number of effects ranging from purely technical issues, such as the use of a glass probe guide, over process operation parameters, such as the kind and the volume of the heated sample, to measurement related issues, such as the exact location of the probe in the sample. In this frame, the FO and IR methods are benchmarked. It was found that when using bare FO probes, not only is their lifetime reduced but also the reproducibility of the results is compromised. Using a glass probe guide greatly assists in precise location of the probe in the sample resulting in more reproducible temperature measurements. The FO reproducibility, though, decreases with increasing temperature. Besides, contrary to conventional heating, the sample temperature decreases with decreasing sample mass (and volume) at constant irradiation power level, confirming the volumetric nature of microwave heating. Furthermore, a strongly non-uniform temperature field is developed in the reactor despite the use of a monomode cavity and small amounts of samples. These temperature variations depending on the volume and position can only by detected by FO. In contrast, IR, which actually measures temperature at the exterior of the reactor wall, remains nearly insensitive to them and consistently underestimates the real temperature in the reactor. The modeler and the experimentalist should be rather circumspect in accepting the IR output as a representative reactor temperature.

Theoretical Aspects of Microwave Irradiation Practices

“…All the information presented above about the inherent characteristics of different solvents and how they interact with electromagnetic fields is very important when performing a microwave assisted protocols and just as important as is how to measure the temperature inside the reactor [9,12,[17][18][19]. It is not the objective of this chapter to discuss all the different possibilities given by the microwave instrumentation software for running a microwave experiment.…”

Two‐Dimensional Temperature Field Distribution Reconstruction Based on Least Square Method and Radial Basis Function Approximation

“…Though, noncontact measurements surmount the limitation of contact measurements in single-point temperature measurement, these techniques are only applied to the temperature measurement of material surface [8]. In addition, the measurement accuracy of infrared radiations may be deteriorated because of different emissivity and reflectivity of infrared radiations from other sources [9,10]. The measurement result of optical temperature measurement could be affected because the camera lens is disturbed by dust.…”

Acoustic imaging for temperature distribution reconstruction

“…Besides, different emissivity and reflectivity of infrared radiations from other sources often leads to deterioration of measurement accuracy. 6,7 As for the optical temperature measurement, the camera lenses could be smeared by the ash which may affect measurement result. 8 Photoacoustic technique 20,21 is a kind of accurate non-contact or noninvasive real-time temperature measurement, but, it is not fit for temperature distribution.…”