On the anisotropic elastic properties of woods

Katz, J. Lawrence; Spencer, Paulette; Wang, Yong; Misra, Anil; Marangos, Orestes; Friis, Lisa

doi:10.1007/s10853-007-2121-9

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Wood is a good example with its anisotropic strength dictated by the orientation of its wood cells, as shown by the Tsai–Hill criterion (Figure c) . Similar variations in strength have been observed in cortical bone at differing dimensions, i.e., with respect to collagen fibril bundles (Figure b) or comprising bone lamellae and osteons (Figure c) .…”

Section: Dependency Of Mechanical Properties On Structural Orientationsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…[128][129][130][131][132] Wood is a good example with its anisotropic strength dictated by the orientation of its wood cells, as shown by the Tsai-Hill criterion (Figure 3c). [101,117,118,133] Similar variations in strength have been observed in cortical bone at differing dimensions, i.e., with respect to collagen fibril bundles ( Figure 4b) or comprising bone lamellae and osteons ( Figure 4c). [106,107,111,112,114,116] Even for trabecular bone that is characterized by a high porosity and 3D interconnection of trabeculae with thickness of tens to hundreds of micrometers, the strength is usually anisotropic and differs with loading direction relative to the principal trabecular axis.…”

Section: Strengthmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…a) Dependence of specific modulus, i.e., Young's modulus normalized by tissue density, along the axial direction of wood cells on the microfibril angle (MFA) in wood cell walls for differing specifies. [15,104,115,117,118] Some of the data describe the post-yield stiffness of wood beyond their yield points and are denoted as E 2 /ρ. [15] The hydration state and moisture content (by weight) of wood samples are indicated in parenthesis.…”

Section: Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural Orientation and Anisotropy in Biological Materials: Functional Designs and Mechanics

Liu

Zhang

Ritchie

2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Biological materials exhibit anisotropic characteristics because of the anisometric nature of their constituents and their preferred alignment within interfacial matrices. The regulation of structural orientations is the basis for material designs in nature and may offer inspiration for man‐made materials. Here, how structural orientation and anisotropy are designed into biological materials to achieve diverse functionalities is revisited. The orientation dependencies of differing mechanical properties are introduced based on a 2D composite model with wood and bone as examples; as such, anisotropic architectures and their roles in property optimization in biological systems are elucidated. Biological structural orientations are designed to achieve extrinsic toughening via complicated cracking paths, robust and releasable adhesion from anisotropic contact, programmable dynamic response by controlled expansion, enhanced contact damage resistance from varying orientations, and simultaneous optimization of multiple properties by adaptive structural reorientation. The underlying mechanics and material‐design principles that could be reproduced in man‐made systems are highlighted. Finally, the potential and challenges in developing a better understanding to implement such natural designs of structural orientation and anisotropy are discussed in light of current advances. The translation of these biological design principles can promote the creation of new synthetic materials with unprecedented properties and functionalities.

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Section: Dependency Of Mechanical Properties On Structural Orientationsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Strengthmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural Orientation and Anisotropy in Biological Materials: Functional Designs and Mechanics

Liu

Zhang

Ritchie

2020

Adv Funct Materials

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“…However, wood is heterogeneous and anisotropic, which leads to normal variations in velocity that are not the result of any type of decay. Thus, the feasibility is quite low for obtaining reference values from sound wood that can be used as comparative values in acoustic tomography interpretations (Katz et al 2008;Brancheriau et al 2012). One major challenge in acoustic tomography is interpreting the velocity variations in the trunk and differentiating the natural variations of the material from variations caused by decay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference from Knots, Wave Propagation Direction, and Effect of Juvenile and Reaction Wood on Velocities in Ultrasound Tomography

Palma¹,

Gonçalves²,

Trinca³

et al. 2018

BioResources

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Acoustic tomography is based on the velocity variation inside the inspected element. However, wood is heterogeneous and anisotropic, which causes natural velocity variations. In wood, the great challenge to apply this technology is to interpret and differentiate the natural variations of the material from those caused by deterioration. This study aimed to evaluate the interference caused by knots, the wave propagation direction, and the effect of juvenile and reaction wood on the velocities determined via ultrasonic tomography. The tests were performed using 40 disks of Pinus elliottii. From the results it was concluded that intrinsic orthotropy of the wood was reflected in the wave propagation on the disks with radial velocities greater than the tangential ones, higher velocities in the knot zones, and different velocities in the zones of compression and opposition wood. In the measurements using the diffraction mesh, the edge velocities (tangential direction with the maximum angle from the radial direction) were always lower than all of the other velocities in the disk. More significant variations in the velocity were obtained in the juvenile wood. These results contribute to quantifying some interferences associated with tomography images, such that the misinterpretation can be minimized.

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“…The amplitude and the timing of the echo pulses allow mapping local mechanical (elastic) properties of the specimen with spatial resolution up to 1 mm (see Figure 12). [202][203][204][205] Three different approaches can be used for assessing elastic properties of bone. 205 (1) Time of flight measurements of pulse echoes from the frontal and backside sample surface in thin tissue sections.…”

Section: Secondary Electron and Back-scattered Electron Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%