On the efficiency and predictability of strain energy for the evaluation of liquefaction potential: A numerical study

Jafarian, Yaser; Abdollahi, A. Sadeghi; Vakili, Rouzbeh; Baziar, Mohammad Hassan; Noorzad, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.06.001

Cited by 31 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Jafarian et al (2011, 2012) collected a data bank of experiments on various sands with different relative densities and demonstrated that the liquefaction potential and pwp can be evaluated by the strain energy concept. Jafarian et al (2012) developed Equations 9 and 10 to correlate the pwp ratio and the strain energy as a function of normalized accumulated strain energy of sand ( w / w l ) …”

Section: Energy Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of liquefaction triggering due to bio-gas-induced desaturation using element tests and the strain energy approach

Baziar

Amirabadi

2021

Earthquake Spectra

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Currently, conventional remediation of liquefaction triggering may have many environmental effects, and this important issue has led researchers to look for more sustainable methods. In this research, one of the new bio-improvement methods (biogas) has been used to generate gas bubbles within a soil, susceptible to liquefaction. Using this method, two bio materials create ammonium ions and carbonate, in which ammonium ion is converted into nitrate due to the presence of bacteria in water, and they are eventually converted to nitrogen gas in an anaerobic condition. The nitrogen bubbles created in water reduce the soil’s degree of saturation, which in effect increases the soil’s resistance to liquefaction occurrence. In this study, two sources of urease enzyme were used to reduce the soil degree of saturation. The effects of various parameters, including the optimum concentration of each substance for optimum time to generate gas bubbles, as well as the effect of the oxygen amount in water were investigated using monotonic triaxial tests. The results illustrated that the addition of the mentioned two substances to the oxab (water with 60 ppm oxygen) or tap water decreased the pore water pressure due to desaturation. Finally, the energy approach was used to test the substance containing the amount of oxab with the highest decrease in pore water generation, here called “optimum selection,” in the cyclic triaxial device, and the results were analyzed to evaluate liquefaction occurrence. The outcome of these results revealed that compared with the strain energy of the non-treated sample, the treated sample had a much higher strain energy; in other words, the treated sample needed a larger amount of loading to trigger liquefaction.

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Section: Energy Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of liquefaction triggering due to bio-gas-induced desaturation using element tests and the strain energy approach

Baziar

Amirabadi

2021

Earthquake Spectra

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“…Other researchers (Law et al 1990, Davis and Berrill 1982, Berrill and Davis 1985, Trifunac 1995) have used general form of Equation 1 and have proposed several empirical relationships among demand energy, earthquake magnitude, site-to-source distance, and initial effective overburden stress. Furthermore, Jafarian et al (2011) numerically investigated the suitability of the energy approach for evaluating the liquefaction potential. They introduced 32 earthquake records to the base of a centrifuge-simulated model, and produced an empirical equation to estimate the demand energy in a soil layer.…”

Section: Definition Of Demand Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake Demand Energy Attenuation Model for Liquefaction Potential Assessment

Baziar

Rostami

2017

Earthquake Spectra

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This study introduces an attenuation model based on the strain energy approach for estimating earthquake demand energy (EDE) to evaluate soil liquefaction potential. A new method is presented to estimate the EDE at a free-field site when only one record of the ground surface acceleration is available. This method was generated after analyzing the earthquake data of 18 downhole arrays in California. The developed method was later employed for calculating the EDE values of 328 earthquake records worldwide. Results showed that several parameters affected the EDE amount, including earthquake magnitude, faulting mechanism, site-to-source distance, shear wave velocity, and peak ground acceleration (PGA). These parameters were categorized by three main functions including source, distance, and site effect functions. An attenuation model was incorporated as a result of these three functions. Finally, the demand energy of two liquefaction array sites—Port Island (PI) site in Japan and Wildlife Liquefaction Array (WLA) site in California—were predicted by the proposed attenuation model and compared to the calculated capacity energies of these sites with satisfactory results.

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“…Observations of the damages by earthquake-induced liquefaction indicates that liquefaction occurrence is one of the biggest threats to any structure [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In this regard, a considerable number of studies are conducted on the liquefaction potential and liquefaction-induced settlements and displacements [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], and also on the mitigation of the liquefaction hazard [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the experiments, the generation of the pore water pressures is measured by pore pressure transducers installed at two different depths of soil and under horizontal base excitations. Relying on the obtained test results, also, comparing with the available cyclic tests [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction Potential of Saturated Sand Reinforced by Cement-Grouted Micropiles: An Evolutionary Approach Based on Shaking Table Tests

et al. 2023

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Cement-grouted injections are increasingly employed as a countermeasure material against liquefaction in active seismic areas; however, there is no methodology to thoroughly and directly evaluate the liquefaction potential of saturated sand materials reinforced by the cement grout-injected micropiles. To this end, first, a series of 1 g shaking table model tests are conducted. Time histories of pore water pressures, excess pore water pressure ratios (ru), and the number of required cycles (Npeak) to liquefy the soil are obtained and modified lower and upper boundaries are suggested for the potential of liquefaction of both pure and grout-reinforced sand. Next, adopting genetic programming and the least square method in the framework of the evolutionary polynomial regression technique, high-accuracy predictive equations are developed for the estimation of rumax. Based on the results of a three-dimensional, graphical, multiple-variable parametric (MVP) analysis, and introducing the concept of the critical, boundary inclination angle, the inclination of micropiles is shown to be more effective in view of liquefaction resistivity for loose sands. Due to a lower critical boundary inclination angle, the applicability range for inclining micropiles is narrower for the medium-dense sands. MVP analyses show that the effects of a decreasing spacing ratio on decreasing rumax are amplified while micropiles are inclined.

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On the efficiency and predictability of strain energy for the evaluation of liquefaction potential: A numerical study

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

Mitigation of liquefaction triggering due to bio-gas-induced desaturation using element tests and the strain energy approach

Mitigation of liquefaction triggering due to bio-gas-induced desaturation using element tests and the strain energy approach

Earthquake Demand Energy Attenuation Model for Liquefaction Potential Assessment

Liquefaction Potential of Saturated Sand Reinforced by Cement-Grouted Micropiles: An Evolutionary Approach Based on Shaking Table Tests

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