On the extremely low frequency spectrum of Earth-ionosphere cavity response to electrical storms

Raemer, Harold R.

doi:10.1029/jz066i005p01580

Cited by 33 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Such peaks may be accounted for by considering the response of the earth-ionosphere cavity to lightning discharges [Schumann, 1957;Wait, 1960b and el. Detailed calculations of the noise spectrum have been made by Raemer [1961b]. This analysis utilized lightning data compiled by Williams [1959] and a field expansion into a sum of resonant cavity modes [Schumann, 1957;Wait, 1960b and c] below a sharply bounded homogeneous ionosphere of frequency-dependent height and (or) conductivity.…”

Section: Low-frequency Terrestrial Noise Spectrum Show Several Markedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial extremely low frequency noise spectrum in the presence of exponential ionospheric conductivity profiles

Galejs¹

1961

J. Geophys. Res.

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Calculations by Raemer of the terrestrial ELF noise spectrum which are based on a sharply bounded homogeneous ionosphere of frequency‐dependent height and conductivity are extended to a nonhomogeneous ionosphere of exponential conductivity profile. The exponential ionosphere model provides slightly lower resonant frequencies and less damping of the resonant peaks than the sharply bounded ionosphere. The exponential model improves the agreement with noise spectrum measurements by Balser and Wagner.

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Section: Low-frequency Terrestrial Noise Spectrum Show Several Markedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial extremely low frequency noise spectrum in the presence of exponential ionospheric conductivity profiles

Galejs¹

1961

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…9 are almost the same within error range at the evaluation of distances, and pulse intervals are around 50 cosec which are of the same order as the lightning stroke intervals. It then appears that these successive pulses are from a multiple lightning strokes, and the stroke intervals would contribute to the frequency spectrum in the Schumann resonances (Raemer, 1961). Q-type bursts are very often of larger amplitude than N-type bursts, and the numbers of occurrences of ELF bursts shown in Fig.…”

Section: Measuring Principle and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Natural ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Noises by Using Ball Antennas

Ogawa

Tanaka

Miura

et al. 1966

J. geomagn. geoelec

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A simple observing system for the measurements of vertical electric field component of natural ELF and VLF electromagnetic noises by using ball antennas is described. With this system it is possible to measure long traveled natural ELF noises discriminated from natural local noises due to such as atmospheric electric space-charge fluctuations. Some of the typical recorded noises are shown. Observed ELF noises are divided into three characteristic types; "ELF flash", "ELF burst" (N-and Q-types), and "ELF continuous". ELF flashes originate from the lightning discharges in the area within about 1, 000 km from the observing station. Occurrences of ELF bursts are more frequent in the daytime than in the nighttime, and are characterized by sudden increase at the time of local sunrise, suggesting the related mechanism of their generation to the solar position relative to the earth. N-type bursts are followed by VLF noises. Source distances of these bursts which are followed by tweek-type atmospherics in the night are estimated to be in the range from 2, 500 km to 5,000km. Q-type bursts often show clear oscillations of the frequencies of Schumann resonances. The daily variations of the mean amplitude of "ELF continuous" which composes the background noises are quite similar to the daily variations of the world thunderstorm activity.

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“…Some of the earliest studies were made during the 1950s and 1960s showing that SR field power variations were related to global thunderstorm activity [9,17,[79][80][81]. Thus SR measurements became a convenient tool for studying global lightning activity [26,54,70,[82][83][84][85][86].…”

Section: Sr Background Observations Of Global Lightning Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

ELF Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning: The Schumann Resonances

Price

2016

Atmosphere

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Lightning produces electromagnetic fields and waves in all frequency ranges. In the extremely low frequency (ELF) range below 100 Hz, the global Schumann Resonances (SR) are excited at frequencies of 8 Hz, 14 Hz, 20 Hz, etc. This review is aimed at the reader generally unfamiliar with the Schumann Resonances. First some historical context to SR research is given, followed by some theoretical background and examples of the extensive use of Schumann resonances in a variety of lightning-related studies in recent years, ranging from estimates of the spatial and temporal variations in global lighting activity, connections to global climate change, transient luminous events and extraterrestrial lightning. Both theoretical and experimental results of the global resonance phenomenon are presented. It is our hope that this review will increase the interest in SR among researchers previously unfamiliar with this phenomenon.

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On the extremely low frequency spectrum of Earth-ionosphere cavity response to electrical storms

Cited by 33 publications

References 1 publication

Terrestrial extremely low frequency noise spectrum in the presence of exponential ionospheric conductivity profiles

Terrestrial extremely low frequency noise spectrum in the presence of exponential ionospheric conductivity profiles

Observations of Natural ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Noises by Using Ball Antennas

ELF Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning: The Schumann Resonances

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