On the Fabrication of High-Performance Additively Manufactured Copper Winding Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Abstract

Due to its exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, pure copper is frequently employed in industry as the base metal for thermal management and electromagnetic applications. The growing need for complicated and efficient motor designs has recently accelerated the development of copper additive manufacturing (AM). The present work aims to improve the power density of the copper laser powder bed fusion (Cu-LPBF) coil by increasing the slot-filling factor (SFF) and the electrical conductivity. Firstly, the dimensional limitation of Cu-LPBF fabricated parts was identified. Sample contouring and adjusting beam offset associated with optimum scan track morphology upgraded the minimum feature spacing to 80 μm. Accordingly, the printed winding’s slot-filling factor increased to 79% for square wire and 63% for round wire. A maximum electrical conductivity of 87% (IACS) was achieved by heat treatment (HT). The electrical impedance of full-size Cu-LPBF coils, newly reported in this study, was measured and compared with solid wire. It can reflect the performance of Cu-LPBF coils (power factor) in high-frequency applications. Furthermore, surface quality benefited from either sample contouring and HT, where the side surface roughness was lowered by 45% and an additional reduction of 25% after HT.