On the finer structure of the tongue of Lichanura roseofusca

Hershkowitz, J.

doi:10.1002/jmor.1050680104

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The muscle fibre distribution in the anterior portion of the tongue differs from the posterior portion (Hershkowitz, 1941;Kier and Smith, 1985;Smith and Mackay, 1990). A transverse section of the posterior portion of the tongue reveals the paired longitudinal mm.…”

Section: Tongue Morphologymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The intrinsic and extrinsic muscles involved were identified by morphological studies (Gnanamuthu, 1937;Hershkowitz, 1941;Frazzetta, 1966;Langebartel, 1968;Kier and Smith, 1985;Smith and Mackay, 1990), electromyographical recordings (Meredith and Burghardt, 1978;Smith, 1984Smith, , 1986Herrel et al 1998) and kinematic observations (Smith, 1984(Smith, , 1986Bels et al 1994;Herrel et al 1998). In contrast to several other squamate taxa, snake tongues lack hard skeletal support.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of tongue flicking inPython molurus

Groot

Sluijs

Snelderwaard

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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(20·mm) was reached during the first tongue flick. These observations are discussed within the scope of the biomechanical constraints of hydrostatic tongue protrusion: a negative forward pressure gradient, longitudinal tongue compliance and axial tongue stiffness. The three-dimensional deformation varied along the tongue with a mean curvature of 0.06·mm -1 and a maximum value of 0.5·mm -1 . At the basis of the anterior forked portion of the tongue tips, extreme curvatures up to 2.0·mm -1 were observed. These quantitative results support previously proposed inferences about a hydrostatic elongation mechanism and may serve to evaluate future dynamic models of tongue flicking.

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Section: Tongue Morphologymentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of tongue flicking inPython molurus

Groot

Sluijs

Snelderwaard

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Quantitative studies on motoneurons. II. Spatial and dimensional organization of hypoglossal motoneurons in the boa constrictor, Constrictor constrictor

Ulinski

1974

J of Comparative Neurology

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The spatial distribution and sizes of degenerating hypoglossal neurons were studied following the removal of the genioglossus or hyoglossus muscles or of unilateral glossectomy in common boas with survival times of 7, 14, 21 or 40 days. The spatial organization of this nucleus differs from that of most cranial nerve nuclei in lacking a subnuclear organization: genioglossus and hyoglossus motoneurons are spread evenly throughout the nucleus and intrinsic tongue neurons show only a slight tendency to accumulate in the caudal half of the nucleus. The genioglossus and tongue neurons probably serve both ipsilateral and contralateral muscles with the ipsilateral innervation being largest; the hyoglossus motoneurons probably innervate only ipsilateral muscles. Complementary analyses of the transverse sectional areas of both degenerating and non-degenerating neurons indicates that, although their size ranges overlap, genioglossus motoneurons are small and tongue and hyoglossus motoneurons are progressively larger.

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The cranial nerves of the colubrid snakesElapheandThamnophis

Auen

Langebartel

1977

Journal of Morphology

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The cranial nerves of adult Elaphe obsoleta quadriuittata and late embryonic Thamnophis ordinoides, were studied, respectively, by dissection and by microscopic examination of serial sections. There are 11 cranial nerves in these snakes; the spinal accessory (XI) cannot be identified. In general, the nerves are similar to those of lizards. Certain nerves usually combine into a trunk: the oculomotor (1111, trochlear (IV), ophthalmic division (V,) and abducens (VI), form the ocular trunk, whereas the glossopharyngeal (1x1, vagus (X), and hypoglossal (XII), compose the craniocervical trunk. No terminal nerve is found. The first nerve exists as the independent vomeronasal and olfactory proper nerves. There is a large lagenar (auditory) part of the eighth nerve. The three main divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V) have the widest distribution in the head. In addition, there is a pterygoid division (VJ in snakes, innervating the muscles of the upper jaw series of bones. The V, is best developed in snakes among all vertebrates. A chorda tympani of VII is present. The glossopharyngeal is a small nerve. The vagus comprises a large laryngeal branch and a larger visceral nerve to the trunk. The hypoglossal heavily innervates the tongue musculat ure.There are four cephalic parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, preorbital, infraorbital, and inferior alveolar. Several of the ganglia may also include sympathetic cell bodies. The ciliary ganglion innervates intraocular smooth muscle, whereas the other ganglia supply the various cephalic glands. No distinct superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is recognized. Sympathetics distribute in the head through the craniocervical trunk and its communications with the facial and trigeminal nerves.Little descriptive research has been done on the cranial nerves of snakes. The earliest work appears to be the well illustrated and reasonably accurate, but incomplete account of Vogt (1839). An even more restricted study by Bendz (1843) covers the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves to some degree. Roots of the cranial nerves of snakes were described by Owen (18661, although the peripheral distributions were omitted. The reports by Vogt and Bendz were utilized by Hoffmann (1890) in his section on snake anatomy in Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs.Generally speaking, more recent authors who have dealt with some aspect of cranial nerves in snakes have described the nerves secondarily, in relation to those cephalic The single author of recent times to focus specifically on the subject is Agarwal ('64, '66), although his studies were based purely

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On the finer structure of the tongue of Lichanura roseofusca

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of tongue flicking inPython molurus

A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of tongue flicking inPython molurus

Quantitative studies on motoneurons. II. Spatial and dimensional organization of hypoglossal motoneurons in the boa constrictor, Constrictor constrictor

The cranial nerves of the colubrid snakesElapheandThamnophis

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