On the forced tangentially-averaged radial-vertical circulation within vortices. Part II: The transformation of Tropical Storm Haima (2004)

Qian, Yiyu; Chen, Liang; Qiaoqian, Liang; Lin, Liang-Xun; Zhang, Yuan

doi:10.1007/s00376-010-0060-x

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Therefore, Molinari et al (1995Molinari et al ( , 1998 later analyzed interactions by adopting the Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux diagnostic, which has two components: eddy angular momentum flux (dynamical component) and eddy heat flux (thermodynamical component). As there is uncertainty as to whether the contribu- tions of these two components could be the same or opposite (e.g., Molinari and Vollaro, 1990;Qian et al, 2011), one way to address this issue is to use the EP flux diagnostic and its divergence. This diagnostic tool also requires the whole vertical structure of the TC, rather than a single upper-layer wind field, so that it will provide greater insights into TCenvironment interaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mean SST and VWS are averaged within 500 km and the mean EFC and inertial stability ζ a are averaged over the 300-600 km radial bands. during the extratropical transition stage (Qian et al, 2011). However, from the statistical point of view, only 18.8% of the samples intensified and more than 43% of the samples decayed.…”

Section: All Positive Interactionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…These cases also show that intensification induced by upper-level environments can be found in all stages of TCs, such as tropical depression formation , tropical depression (Bosart and Bartlo, 1991) or tropical storm (Shi et al, 1997;Molinari et al, 1998) to hurricane transition, rapid intensification to a category 5 hurricane or supertyphoon (Titley and Elsberry, 2000), and tropical storm (Qian et al, 2011) or typhoon (Li et al, 2006) to extratropical cyclone transition.…”

Section: Tc Interactionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This implies that if other forcings are not important, larger EFC will result in a stronger response of the TC's secondary circulation. If the strength of the TC's secondary circulation is positively correlated with its intensity, which is generally true, then one may expect a simple rule that larger EFC is more likely to enhance the outflow and thus intensify the TC (e.g., Challa and Pfeffer, 1980;Pfeffer and Challa, 1981;Molinari and Vollaro, 1990;Qian et al, 2011). However, when EFC becomes large, other factors may come into play.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large number of interaction cases have been reported in the literature, such as Hurricanes (or Tropical Storms) Dorothy (1966) (Erickson, 1967), Elena (1985) (Molinari and Vollaro, 1989), Danny (1985) (Molinari et al, 1998), Florence (1988) (Rodgers et al, 1991;Shi et al, 1997), Opal (1995) (Rodgers et al, 1998;Bosart et al, 2000), Bertha (1996) (Hanley, 2002) and Gabrielle (2001) (Molinari et al, 2006), over the Atlantic basin; Typhoons (or Tropical Storms) Flo (1990) (Wu and Cheng, 1999), Gene (1990) (Wu and Cheng, 1999), Winnie (1997) (Li et al, 2006), Olga (1999) (Yu and Kwon, 2005), Prapiroon (2000) (Yu and Kwon, 2005) and Haima (2004) (Qian et al, 2011), over the western North Pacific basin; as well as Tropical Cyclone Dora (2007) (Leroux et al, 2013) over the southwest Indian Ocean. These cases also show that intensification induced by upper-level environments can be found in all stages of TCs, such as tropical depression formation , tropical depression (Bosart and Bartlo, 1991) or tropical storm (Shi et al, 1997;Molinari et al, 1998) to hurricane transition, rapid intensification to a category 5 hurricane or supertyphoon (Titley and Elsberry, 2000), and tropical storm (Qian et al, 2011) or typhoon (Li et al, 2006) to extratropical cyclone transition.…”

Section: Tc Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Upper-tropospheric environment–tropical cyclone interactions over the western North Pacific: A statistical study

Qian

Chen²,

Zhang³

et al. 2016

Adv. Atmos. Sci.

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Based on 25-year (1987-2011) tropical cyclone (TC) best track data, a statistical study was carried out to investigate the basic features of upper-tropospheric TC-environment interactions over the western North Pacific. Interaction was defined as the absolute value of eddy momentum flux convergence (EFC) exceeding 10 m s −1 d −1 . Based on this definition, it was found that 18% of all six-hourly TC samples experienced interaction. Extreme interaction cases showed that EFC can reach ∼120 m s −1 d −1 during the extratropical-cyclone (EC) stage, an order of magnitude larger than reported in previous studies. Composite analysis showed that positive interactions are characterized by a double-jet flow pattern, rather than the traditional trough pattern, because it is the jets that bring in large EFC from the upper-level environment to the TC center. The role of the outflow jet is also enhanced by relatively low inertial stability, as compared to the inflow jet. Among several environmental factors, it was found that extremely large EFC is usually accompanied by high inertial stability, low SST and strong vertical wind shear (VWS). Thus, the positive effect of EFC is cancelled by their negative effects. Only those samples during the EC stage, whose intensities were less dependent on VWS and the underlying SST, could survive in extremely large EFC environments, or even re-intensify. For classical TCs (not in the EC stage), it was found that environments with a moderate EFC value generally below ∼25 m s −1 d −1 are more favorable for a TC's intensification than those with extremely large EFC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: All Positive Interactionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Tc Interactionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tc Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Upper-tropospheric environment–tropical cyclone interactions over the western North Pacific: A statistical study

Qian

Chen²,

Zhang³

et al. 2016

Adv. Atmos. Sci.

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The potential impacts of warmer-continent-related lower-layer equatorial westerly wind on tropical cyclone initiation

Zhang¹,

Qian

Qi³

et al. 2012

Adv. Atmos. Sci.

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Global climate models predict that the increasing Amazonian-deforestation rates cause rising temperatures (increases of 1.8 • C to 8 • C under different conditions) and Amazonian drying over the 21st century. Observations in the 20th century also show that over the warmer continent and the nearby western South Atlantic Ocean, the lower-layer equatorial westerly wind (LLEWW) strengthens with the initiation of tropical cyclones (TCs). The warmer-continent-related LLEWW can result from the Coriolis-force-induced deflection of the cross-equatorial flow (similar to the well-known heat-island effect on sea breeze) driven by the enhanced land-sea contrast between the warmer urbanized continents and relatively cold oceans. This study focuses on the processes relating the warmer-continent-related LLEWW to the TC initiation and demonstrates that the LLEWW embedded in trade easterlies can directly initiate TCs by creating cyclonic wind shears and forming the intertropical convergence zone. In addition to this direct effect, the LLEWW combined with the rotating Earth can boost additional updraft vapor over the high sea-surface temperature region (factor 1), facilitating a surface-to-midtroposphere moist layer (factor 2) and convective instability (factor 3) followed by diabatic processes. According to previous studies, the diabatic heating in a finite equatorial region also activates TCs (factor 4) on each side of the Equator with weak vertical shear (factor 5). Factors 1-5 are favorable conditions for the initiation of severe TCs. Statistical analyses show that the earliest signal of sustained LLEWW not only leads the earliest signal of sustained tropical depression by >3 days but also explains a higher percentage of total variance. , 2012: The potential impacts of warmer-continentrelated lower-layer equatorial westerly wind on tropical cyclone initiation.

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Relative vorticity is the major environmental factor controlling tropical cyclone intensification over the Western North Pacific

Chen

et al. 2020

Atmospheric Research

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On the forced tangentially-averaged radial-vertical circulation within vortices. Part II: The transformation of Tropical Storm Haima (2004)

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

Upper-tropospheric environment–tropical cyclone interactions over the western North Pacific: A statistical study

Upper-tropospheric environment–tropical cyclone interactions over the western North Pacific: A statistical study

The potential impacts of warmer-continent-related lower-layer equatorial westerly wind on tropical cyclone initiation

Relative vorticity is the major environmental factor controlling tropical cyclone intensification over the Western North Pacific

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