On the Formation and Accumulation of Solid Carbon Particles in High-Enthalpy Flows Mimicking Re-Entry in the Titan Atmosphere

Espósito, Antonio; Lappa, Marcello; Zuppardi, Gennaro; Allouis, C.; Apicella, B.; Commodo, Mario; Minutolo, P.; Russo, Carmela

doi:10.3390/fluids5020093

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…4. Interchangeable conical nozzles with different areal ratios (4,20,56) able to support values of the Mach number from 3 to 6 5. A test chamber with cylindrical shape 6.…”

Section: New Heat Flux Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Mixed Radiative-Convective Technique for the Calibration of Heat Flux Sensors in Hypersonic Flow

Espósito¹,

Lappa²,

Pagliara³

et al. 2022

Fluid Dynamics &Amp; Materials Processing

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ability to measure the very high heat fluxes that typically occur during the hypersonic re-entry phase of space vehicles is generally considered a subject of great importance in the aerospace field. Most of the sensors used for these measurements need to be checked periodically and re-calibrated accordingly. Another bottleneck relates to the need to procure thermal sources that are able to generate reliable reference heat fluxes in the range between 100 and 1000 kW/m 2 (as order of magnitude). In the present study, a method is presented by which, starting from a calibration system with a capacity of approximately 500 kW/m 2 only, heat fluxes in the range of interest for hypersonic applications are generated. The related procedure takes advantage of established standards for the characterization of a radiative heat flux. It also builds on the hybrid radiative-convective nature of typical hypersonic heat fluxes and the yet poorly explored possibility to use convective sources of heat to produce high-intensity fluxes. The reliability of such a strategy has been tested using a high enthalpy supersonic flow facility relying on an electric arc-heater and pure Nitrogen as work gas. Stagnation-point heat fluxes have been successfully measured (with reasonable accuracy) in the range between 600 and 1500 kW/m 2 for values of the centerline enthalpy spanning the interval from to 6 to 24 MJ/kg.

show abstract

“…4. Interchangeable conical nozzles with different areal ratios (4,20,56) able to support values of the Mach number from 3 to 6 5. A test chamber with cylindrical shape 6.…”

Section: New Heat Flux Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…10a, is a high enthalpy supersonic flow facility. It has enjoyed a widespread use over the last 30 years for the simulation of various planetary re-entry conditions ( [17][18][19][20][21]).…”

Section: New Heat Flux Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

A Mixed Radiative-Convective Technique for the Calibration of Heat Flux Sensors in Hypersonic Flow

Espósito¹,

Lappa²,

Pagliara³

et al. 2022

Fluid Dynamics &Amp; Materials Processing

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As already discussed to a certain extent in the introduction, the SPES facility described in the preceding subsection has already been successfully used to mimic entry in the Titan's atmosphere [23,24,25]. The related operating configuration is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Using Spes To Simulate Entry In the Titanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives and Recent Progresses on the Simulation of the Entry into the Atmospheres of the Outer Ice Giants

Esposito,

Lappa

2023

Aerotec. Missili Spaz.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relatively recent decision of NASA and ESA to plan new missions to the so-called Ice Giants, namely Uranus and Neptune, has prompted a resurgence of interest in the experimental analysis of the aero-heating environment that probes entering such atmospheres would experience. In the present study, arc-jet facilities, previously used to simulate space flight in the atmospheres of Earth, Mars, and Titan, are considered as a relevant basis for the implementation of a more complex framework adequately accounting for the atmospheric features of the Ice Giants. It is shown that the key to the successful realization of such an endeavor is a new operating mode for the plasma torch (relying on a nitrogen–hydrogen mixture) together with the inclusion of a new gas control unit, a new mixing chamber to generate relevant gas mixtures (mimicking to a sufficient extent the Ice Giants atmosphere) and a new thermo-chemical model of the overall flow process. The outcomes of some initial tests are presented to demonstrate the adequacy and performances of the implemented approach with respect to typical entry conditions related to these two planets.

show abstract

“…The analyses of the discharge exhaust gas were carried out by FTIR and by GC-MS. − The in situ mass spectroscopy was applied to determine various species at the low pressure RF discharge conditions . But all of these techniques have some limits, mainly their fast detection capability of a broad spectrum of discharge products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Chemical Processes Initiated by Electrical Discharge in Titan-Related Atmosphere at Laboratory Temperature and Pressure

Chudják

Kozáková

Krčma

2021

ACS Earth Space Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The chemical processes initiated by electrical discharges in prebiotic atmospheres became a hot topic during the past decade due to the recent extensive discovery of exoplanets. The biggest atmospheric data collection is currently available about the atmosphere of the Saturn's moon Titan that is composed mainly of nitrogen and methane at low surface temperature of about 95 K and pressure of about 1.5 atm. The present work deals with the laboratory simulation of the chemical processes initiated by the electrical discharge in the gaseous mixture related to the Titan atmosphere under laboratory conditions. The ongoing chemical processes, the resulting stable products, and their transformation into more complex substances were studied by the in situ mass spectrometry with proton ionization (PTR-MS) of the exhausting gas. The presence of many aliphatic and some aromatic hydrocarbons was confirmed as well as many amino and cyano compounds. The increasing concentration of methane has produced more substances with higher molecular weight and less simple substances that were consumed in the formation of more complex substances.

show abstract

On the Formation and Accumulation of Solid Carbon Particles in High-Enthalpy Flows Mimicking Re-Entry in the Titan Atmosphere

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

A Mixed Radiative-Convective Technique for the Calibration of Heat Flux Sensors in Hypersonic Flow

A Mixed Radiative-Convective Technique for the Calibration of Heat Flux Sensors in Hypersonic Flow

Perspectives and Recent Progresses on the Simulation of the Entry into the Atmospheres of the Outer Ice Giants

Study of Chemical Processes Initiated by Electrical Discharge in Titan-Related Atmosphere at Laboratory Temperature and Pressure

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About