“…Recent studies refuting the colloidal model are discussed by Punnapala and Vargas [65], while micellar models of asphaltene aggregation have been suggested as being inadequate from a lack of evidence for a critical micelle concentration, or concentration at which the asphaltenes start to associate, using isothermal titration calorimetry [66]. However, whilst this approach failed to detect nanoaggregate formation at low asphaltene concentrations, the finding is consistent with the dominant entropic contribution to the process [67], and a number of techniques have indeed provided evidence for nanoaggregate formation in asphaltene systems, including high-Q ultrasonics [68], NMR spectroscopy [69], electrical conductivity [67], small-angle neutron and x-ray scattering [70], mass spectrometry [70], centrifugation [67], and the analysis of gravity gradients in oilfields [71][72][73].…”