On the HEMP environment for protective relays

Thomas, D.E.; Wiggins, C.M.; Salas, T.M.; Barnes, P.R.

doi:10.1109/61.277719

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The effectiveness with which EM1 couples to the conductors from both o f these coupling modes increases as the frequency increases, particularly at frequencies above about 1 MHz. Studies [17], [ZO], [21] indicate that pigtail coupling will be minimized by making the pigtail length parallel to the conductors as short as possible. Transfer impedance coupling can be minimized by using high-quality cable shields, but there is little advantage in providing any better cable shielding than is required to reduce transfer impedance coupling to a level below that of pigtails.…”

Section: Ct and Ccvt Ground Straps And Their Grounded Pedestals) Caumentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient electromagnetic interference in substations

Wiggins¹,

Thomas²,

Nickel³

et al. 1994

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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107

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Electromagnetic interference levels on sensitive electronic equipment are quantified experimentally and theoretically in air and gas insulated substations of different voltages. Measurement techniques for recording interference voltages and currents and electric and magnetic fields are reviewed and actual interference data are summarized. Conducted and radiated interference coupl ing mechanisms and levels in substation control wiring are described using both measurement results and electromagnetic models validated against measurements. The nominal maximum field and control wire interference levels expected in the switchyard and inside the control house from switching operations, faults, and an average lightning strike are estimated using high frequency transient coupl ing models. Comparisons with standards are made and recomnendations given concerning equipment shielding and surge protection.

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Section: Ct and Ccvt Ground Straps And Their Grounded Pedestals) Caumentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient electromagnetic interference in substations

Wiggins¹,

Thomas²,

Nickel³

et al. 1994

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

Self Cite

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] These articles focused on the coupling or failure phenomenon for ground facilities without consideration of the potential for penetration of such an electromagnetic wave into underground facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytic modeling of oblique penetration of early-time high altitude electromagnetic pulse into dispersive underground multilayer structures

Kang

Yook

2013

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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In this paper, a formulation for obliquely incident electromagnetic wave has been presented for an analysis of high-power electromagnetic pulse penetration into multilayer dispersive media. Based on generalized models of measured dielectric constants and propagation channels reflecting the Earth's general features, the propagation phenomenon of the obliquely incident early-time (E1) high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) is analyzed in frequency as well as in time domains. In addition, the polarization and critical angle are also considered. It is found that the total reflection occurs at an incident angle of about 38 • at the soil-rock interface, and that the parallel-polarized E1 HEMP penetrates better than the perpendicular-polarized one. The peak level of the penetrating electric field is found to be 5.6 kV/m at normal incidence, regardless of the type of polarization, and 1.1 kV/m for incidence at 30 • in perpendicular case.

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Pulse current injection platform with consecutive early-time and intermediate-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulse conducted currents for immunity test of electrical equipment

Zhang,

Xie,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Review of Scientific Instruments

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High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) has attracted considerable attention for its influence on electrical equipment. HEMP is divided into three parts: early time HEMP (E1), intermediate-time HEMP (E2), and late-time HEMP (E3). Most studies focused on E1 alone, while few investigated others. However, the electrical equipment may be disturbed by more than one part since these three parts co-exist in a HEMP environment. The pulse current injection (PCI) test is an effective immunity test method for evaluating the sensitivity and susceptibility of electrical equipment. To investigate the responses of electrical equipment excited by the consecutive E1 and E2 and compare with those under the individual E1 or E2, this paper builds a PCI platform that can carry out PCI tests with the consecutive E1 and E2 conducted current. To output the E1 current and the E2 current consecutively, which exhibit significant differences in the rise time (20 ns and 1.5 μs), peak current (2500 and 250 A), and full width at half maximum (FWHM, 500–550 ns and 3–5 ms), an E1&E2 coupler with a fast-closing high-current trigger switch is designed in this paper. Finally, some 10-kV epoxy insulators are tested in the developed platform, which shows the capacity of the proposed platform to test the immunity of electrical equipment with the consecutive E1 and E2 conducted current.

show abstract

On the HEMP environment for protective relays

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Transient electromagnetic interference in substations

Transient electromagnetic interference in substations

Analytic modeling of oblique penetration of early-time high altitude electromagnetic pulse into dispersive underground multilayer structures

Pulse current injection platform with consecutive early-time and intermediate-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulse conducted currents for immunity test of electrical equipment

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