On the Interpretation of χ 2 from Contingency Tables, and the Calculation of P

Fisher, R. A.

doi:10.2307/2340521

Cited by 2,475 publications

(1,674 citation statements)

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“…Data from the mutant groups were compared to each other and Oregon R wild-type using Fisher's exact test (Fisher 1922; http://www.matforsk.no/ola/fisher.htm).…”

Section: Neuroblast Squashesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The missense alleles, Nipped-B NC39 , Nipped-B NC71 , and Nipped-B NC78 , individually and as a class gave a significantly lower frequency of PSCS (∼30%) than did the truncation classes, which were similar to each other (59 and 62%) and the frequency reported for Nipped-B null alleles (61%, Rollins et al 2004). Using Fisher's exact test, which is applicable when there are low sample numbers (Fisher 1922), the missense mutant class is significantly different from wild-type and both truncation classes, while the two truncation classes are not different from each other (Table 1). Thus, the missense mutants have weaker effects on both gene expression and sister chromatid cohesion than do truncation alleles, and as expected, both classes of truncation alleles have effects on gene expression and sister chromatid cohesion similar to those of null alleles.…”

Section: Recessive Effects Of Nipped-b Mutations On Sister Chromatidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). In some experiments, such as those on the right, we detected multiple forms of Rad21 or SA but do not know if these represent protein modifications or partial proteolysis Table 1 Precocious sister chromatid separation in Nipped-B mutants Fisher's exact test (Fisher 1922) calculates the probability (P value) that two populations are same using small sample sizes. In this table, we compared the wild-type sample vs the totals for the missense mutant, the C-region truncation, and N-region truncation groups and the totals for each of the mutant groups to each other.…”

Section: Roles Of Nipped-b In Meiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional links between Drosophila Nipped-B and cohesin in somatic and meiotic cells

et al. 2007

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Drosophila Nipped-B is an essential protein that has multiple functions. It facilitates expression of homeobox genes and is also required for sister chromatid cohesion. Nipped-B is conserved from yeast to man, and its orthologs also play roles in deoxyribonucleic acid repair and meiosis. Mutation of the human ortholog, Nipped-B-Like (NIPBL), causes Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), associated with multiple developmental defects. The Nipped-B protein family is required for the cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion to bind to chromosomes. A key question, therefore, is whether the Nipped-B family regulates gene expression, meiosis, and development by controlling cohesin. To gain insights into Nipped-B's functions, we compared the effects of several Nipped-B mutations on gene expression, sister chromatid cohesion, and meiosis. We also examined association of Nipped-B and cohesin with somatic and meiotic chromosomes by immunostaining. Missense Nipped-B alleles affecting the same HEAT repeat motifs as CdLS-causing NIPBL mutations have intermediate effects on both gene expression and mitotic chromatid cohesion, linking these two functions and the role of NIPBL in human development. Nipped-B colocalizes extensively with cohesin on chromosomes in both somatic and meiotic cells and is present in soluble complexes

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“…Data from the mutant groups were compared to each other and Oregon R wild-type using Fisher's exact test (Fisher 1922; http://www.matforsk.no/ola/fisher.htm).…”

Section: Neuroblast Squashesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recessive Effects Of Nipped-b Mutations On Sister Chromatidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Roles Of Nipped-b In Meiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional links between Drosophila Nipped-B and cohesin in somatic and meiotic cells

et al. 2007

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“…Two transformations are apparent to achieve an approximately normally distributed response. First, the distribution of the sample standard deviation S j ¼ ffiffiffiffi ffi S 2 j q is well approximated by a normal distribution (Fisher, 1922;Johnson and Kotz, 1970). Furthermore, the distribution of ln S 2 j is asymptotical normal (Box and Cox, 1964;Johnson and Kotz, 1970).…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of statistical models to analyse the genetic effect on within-litter variance in pigs

Wittenburg

Guiard

Teuscher

et al. 2008

Animal

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Genetics affects not only the weight of piglets at birth but also the variability of birth weight within litter. Previous studies on this topic assigned the sample standard deviation of piglet birth weights within litter as an observation to the sow. However, the contribution of the difference in mean birth weight per sex on the within-litter variance has been neglected so far. This work deals with the genetic effect on within-litter variance when different statistical models with different distributional assumptions are used and considers the sex effect and appropriate weights per trait. Traits were formed from the pooled sample variance of male and female birth weights within litter. A linear model approach was fitted to the logarithmized within-litter variance and the sample standard deviation. A generalized linear model with gamma-distributed residuals and log-link function was applied to the untransformed sample variance. Models were compared by analysing data from 9439 litters from Landrace and Large White of a commercial breeding programme. The estimates of heritability for different traits ranged from 7% to 11%. Although the generalized linear mixed model is preferred from a mathematical view, the rank correlations between breeding values of the linear mixed models and the generalized linear mixed model were relatively high, i.e. 94% to 98%. By residual diagnostics, a linear mixed model using the weighted and pooled within-litter standard deviation was identified as most suitable.

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“…The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption was checked with Fisher's exact test statistics. 11 The OS and DFS outcome were considered in two ways: time to failure event and outcome status at 18 months.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytidine deaminase single-nucleotide polymorphism is predictive of toxicity from gemcitabine in patients with pancreatic cancer: RTOG 9704

et al. 2011

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On the Interpretation of χ 2 from Contingency Tables, and the Calculation of P

Cited by 2,475 publications

References 0 publications

Functional links between Drosophila Nipped-B and cohesin in somatic and meiotic cells

Functional links between Drosophila Nipped-B and cohesin in somatic and meiotic cells

Comparison of statistical models to analyse the genetic effect on within-litter variance in pigs

Cytidine deaminase single-nucleotide polymorphism is predictive of toxicity from gemcitabine in patients with pancreatic cancer: RTOG 9704

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