On the Issues of Spatial Modeling of Non-Standard Profiles by the Example of Electromagnetic Emission Measurement Data

Abstract

This paper examines the possibility of the spatial modelling of the Earth’s natural pulsed-electromagnetic-field measured values, which form a closed profile without the data inside. This geophysical method allows us to map active tectonic movement which breaches the integrity of pipes. During the experiment, 4.5 km of profiles were measured in the Admiralteysky district of St. Petersburg, Russia. Regular electromotive force (EMF) values and anomalous EMF values were obtained, ranging from 0 to 900 µV and above 900 µV, respectively. The anomalous values are associated with tectonic faults in the bedrock. The data obtained are characterized by complex spatial anisotropy associated with the development of two groups of tectonic faults of different orientations. The authors have considered the problems of the spatial modeling of the data obtained. The main problems, the solutions to which should allow the obtaining of adequate models, have been identified. Based on the analysis of the measurement results, geological features of the studied areas, as well as variography, the following possible solutions were proposed: changing the measurement technique; dividing the data array according to the main directions of anisotropy; the need to introduce additional correction coefficients. The problem revealed in this article requires further research on the basis of the obtained results, which will reduce the cost and timing of such studies, and, as a result, give an opportunity to take into account active tectonic disturbances during the construction and scheduled maintenance of underground utilities, which is especially important within the framework of the concept of sustainable development.

Substantiation of Drilling Parameters for Undermined Drainage Boreholes for Increasing Methane Production from Unconventional Coal-Gas Collectors

“…For example, a two-dimensional curve characterized by the relationship between the methane concentration and distance S at different times, as well as the methane concentration change over time at different positions, is insufficiently representative (see Figure 2 in [26]) owing to the deformation of a three-dimensional surface when it is projected onto a two-dimensional plane. This conceptual imperfection in the methodological approach does not allow for adequately Spatial analysis of heterogeneous data remains one of the most difficult tasks of predicting the distribution of the response function over the factor space [52], solved using different approaches: fuzzy logic in MATLAB fuzzy logic [53]; stochastic modeling [54][55][56]; wavelet analysis with the Morlet algorithm (CWT) [57,58]; analytical methods based on using trigonometric relationships for quadratic surfaces [59]; nearest neighbor method [60]; inverse weighted distance (IDW) method [61]; multivariate nonlinear regression in SPSS software, www.ibm.com/spss [62]; and machine learning [63], fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) [64], or artificial neural networks (ANN) [65], using GIS technologies-crunching methods [66][67][68]. At the same time, deterministic methods of three-dimensional data interpolation have not lost their relevance [69].…”

Tailings Utilization and Zinc Extraction Based on Mechanochemical Activation

“…In most cases, the geostatistical methods for the three-dimensional interpolation of spatial data are performed on the basis of stochastic methods (kriging) [ 38 ] in pure form or in combination with machine learning (for example, ANN [ 39 ] or random forest method [ 40 ]). Thus, the use of “classical” deterministic methods (for example, the k-nearest neighbor method or the finite elements method) is significantly reduced.…”