On the Mechanism of Modulating the Volume of the Voice in Howling Monkeys

Schön, Miguel A.

doi:10.3109/00016487009181909

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Blowing sounds have not been previously reported for howlers. They appear to corre spond to the deflation of air sacs, known to be involved in the sophisticated mechanism of sound production in the genus Alouatta [29][30][31]. However, an experimental study is needed to confirm this hypothesis [32].…”

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

Drubbel¹,

Gautier²

1993

IJFP

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Structural patterns and 24-hour rhythms of the loud calls of Alouatta seniculus were studied in a wild population living in primary rain forest in French Guyana. These loud calls are low-pitched noisy hoarse sounds with an upper frequency limit around 3,000 Hz. Their spectral energy is concentrated in two clusters, each of which includes two dominant frequency bands. Loud calls comprise one or several vocal units with alternating crescendos and decrescendos. Five different types of units can be distinguished. Depending on their duration, loud calls can be roughly divided into two classes: long and short calls. Long calls (mean duration 3.28 min) include three phases. After the end of the calls, one or two blowing noises of weak amplitude may be heard. Short calls (mean duration 11s) are frequently uttered in clusters of several calls given by the same troop at intervals of a few seconds to a few minutes. Observations carried out over the 24-hour cycle show that the calling rate is higher at night, with a peak around dawn and that long calls are more frequent at night, while short calls are mainly heard during the day. Most long calls are emitted from the sleeping sites and carry great distances. They probably play a role in inter-troop communication. Despite their intensity, short calls are used for short-distance communication. The occurrence of two different loud calls in Guyanan howlers and the amount of night calling in these monkeys are discussed with reference to studies of other howler populations.

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Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

Drubbel¹,

Gautier²

1993

IJFP

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“…The frication heard in the loud calls of the red howler, and the irregularly patterned vertical stria tions across formants seen in the wide-band analysis, are probably the audible and struc tural correlates of the air turbulence gener ated in the laryngeal vestibule by the direc tional changes which the outgoing air must make to traverse this chamber and when passing through the narrow and rigid laryn geal inlet [ fig. 5; see Kelemen and Sade, 1960;Schön, 1970Schön, , 1971, Quite probably the proximity between the epiglottis and the soft palate also plays a role in the generation of fricative sounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5; see Schön, 1964Schön, , 1970Schön, , 1971, In this manner, air which has been acoustically activated at the glottis would enter the lateral air sacs and hyoid bulla, where some frequencies would be resonated and others attenuated. The cavernous hyoid bulla and the lateral air sacs are strategically disposed like Helmholtz's resonators di rectly above the glottis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neck of a barking howler was usually stretched, and its head was thrown a bit further back in apparent coincidence with sound emissions. Neck stretching and throw ing the head backwards augmented momen tarily the cervical space within which the enlarged hyoid and larynx [see Kelemen and Sade, 1960;Schön, 1970Schön, , 1971Starck and Schneider, 1960] are mobilized. The thyroid prominence was often seen to swell and to descend during bark utterances.…”

Section: Vocal Production O F Barksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The defi ciency becomes quite glaring in view of the importance which vocal signals and the mechanisms for their production appear to have in the biology of Alouatta. That impor tance is shown: (1) by the genus' conspicu ous phonatory performances to which a spacing function has been attributed [Altmann, 1959;Baldwin and Baldwin, 1976;Braza, 1980;Carpenter, 1934;Chivers, 1969;Richard, 1970;Southwick, 1963], and, recently and more specifically, one of per mitting individuals to assess opponents [Se kulic, 1981[Se kulic, , 1982aSekulic and Chivers, 1986]; (2) by the bizarre form of the howler vocal organ and its presumed relation to the animal's peculiar vocalizations [see Kelemen and Sade, 1960;Lampert, 1926;Schön, 1970Schön, , 1971Starck and Schneider, 1960], and (3) by the influence which the size and shape of this organ is said to have on other parts of the howler anatomy and in the posi tional conduct of these monkeys [Biegert, 1963;Klima, 1972;Schön, 1966Schön, , 1968Schön, , 1976Schön, , 1983Schön Ybarra, 1982, 1984Watanabe, 1982].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Loud Calls of Adult Male Red Howling Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)

Ybarra¹

1986

IJFP

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Loud calls of adult male red howlers (Alouatta seniculus) inhabiting a deciduous and semideciduous open woodland site in Venezuela were recorded opportunistically and categorized by ear and sonographically as barks and roars. Five to six different bark syllables were identified as occurring singly or in sequences of doublets and triplets. In barks, spectral energy was concentrated in bands at 350–400 Hz, 900–1,100 Hz, 1,800–2,200 Hz and 3,000–3,500 Hz, but not all higher bands were present in each syllable. Roars appeared sonographically like prolonged barks composed of a pulsated preface, a long legato climax and a brief, fractionated and at times pulsated coda; each part varied internally to the ear and in acoustic structure. All loud calls were of the noisy type (nonharmonic energy over a broad frequency range). Acoustic characteristics of the calls are interpreted in terms of the subserving vocal tract anatomy. I compare loud calls of red howlers with those of mantled (A. palliata) and black (A. caraya) howlers.

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Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest‐savanna interface

Ybarra

1984

American J Phys Anthropol

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Positional (postural and locomotor) patterns and substrates used by the seven adults of a free-ranging troop of red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) were identified and sampled during their feeding and resting. Traveling patterns and substrates were noted but not quantified. Arboreal locomotor behaviors were pronograde quadrupedalism, some leaping, bridging, lowering, and pull up. Sitting and reclining were the most frequent postures. Tail suspension and arboreal bipedal stance were used when feeding. Predominant locomotor behaviors were those in which limbs appeared to be compression stressed. There were no limbs suspensions. The monkeys used the entire tree canopy, that of the low shrubs, and did a good deal of travel on the ground. The lack of forelimb suspension is attributed to the inability of these howlers to hang beneath supports and look forward at the same time; the impediment is created by the size of the vocal organs in the neck. The locomotion of these monkeys is offered to depict that of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis.

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On the Mechanism of Modulating the Volume of the Voice in Howling Monkeys

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

Loud Calls of Adult Male Red Howling Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)

Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest‐savanna interface

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