On the minimization of task switch costs following long-term training

Berryhill, Marian E.; Hughes, Heather

doi:10.3758/app.71.3.503

Cited by 32 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…In this case, a decision process on the currently required task might be bypassed. The current findings of eliminated mixing costs are consistent with findings of eliminated costs of Berryhill and Hughes (2009). However, in their task-switching situation, two bivalent tasks were presented and mixing costs were associated with long-term effects of sequential performance of two tasks; these long-term effects were eliminated with practice.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The applied task combination of a visual and auditory task of the Schumacher et al (2001) study did not allow for a complete elimination of switch costs. The observed switch costs after practice are consistent with findings of previous task-switching studies using bivalent tasks after practice of six (Kray & Lindenberger, 2000) up to 59 sessions (Berryhill & Hughes, 2009). This finding may be surprising as both the visual and auditory task are unambiguously indicated by the presented stimulus set.…”

Section: Psychological Researchsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Potentially, two reasons might explain why Berryhill and Hughes (2009) as well as our study showed an elimination of mixing costs while alternative task-switching studies did not. First, differences in the amount of practice may allow to explain this difference.…”

Section: Psychological Researchmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…A recent study of Berryhill and Hughes (2009) showed even that mixing costs can completely be eliminated while switching costs remained (though strongly reduced) after practice. However, these studies exclusively combined bivalent tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Task switching: effects of practice on switch and mixing costs

Strobach

Liepelt

Schubert

et al. 2011

Psychological Research

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In the task-switching paradigm, mixing costs indicate the performance costs to mix two different tasks, while switch costs indicate the performance costs to switch between two sequentially presented tasks. Applying tasks with bivalent stimuli and responses, many studies demonstrated substantial mixing and switch costs and a reduction of these costs as a result of practice. The present study investigates whether extensive practice of a task-switching situation including tasks with univalent stimuli eliminates these costs. Participants practiced switching between a visual and an auditory task. These tasks were chosen because they had shown eliminated performance costs in a comparable dual-task practice study (Schumacher et al. Psychol Sci 12:101-108, 2001). Participants either performed the tasks with univalent responses (i.e., visualmanual and auditory-verbal stimulus-response mappings) or bivalent responses (i.e., visual-manual and auditorymanual stimulus-response mappings). Both valence conditions revealed substantial mixing and switch costs at the beginning of practice, yet, mixing costs were largely eliminated after eight practice sessions while switch costs were still existent.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Psychological Researchsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Psychological Researchmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Task switching: effects of practice on switch and mixing costs

Strobach

Liepelt

Schubert

et al. 2011

Psychological Research

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“…Although costs have been reported to decrease with practice (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), this result has not been found consistently (see Yeung & Monsell, 2003). Notably, switch costs can still persist even after tens or hundreds of thousands of training trials (Berryhill & Hughes, 2009;Stoet & Snyder, 2007). Switch costs can apparently diminish with monetary performance incentives, although those reported decreases were measured across two different experiments, conducted with different participants several years apart (Nieuwenhuis & Monsell, 2002).…”

Section: Experiments 1: Flexibility In Task Switchingmentioning

confidence: 59%

Increases in rewards promote flexible behavior

Shen

Chun

2010

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Offering reward for performance can motivate people to perform a task better, but better preparation for one task usually means decreased flexibility to perform different tasks. In six experiments in which reward varied between low and high levels, we found that reward can encourage people to prepare more flexibly for different tasks, but only as it increased from the level on the previous trial. When the same high rewards were offered continuously trial after trial, people were more inclined to simply stick with doing what had worked previously. We demonstrated such enhancements in flexibility in task switching, a difficult visual search task, and an easier priming of pop-out search task, which shows that this effect generalizes from executive tasks to perceptual processes that require relatively little executive control. These findings suggest that relative, transient changes in reward can exert more potent effects on behavioral flexibility than can the absolute amount of reward, whether it consists of money or points in a social competition.

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Short‐term language switching training tunes the neural correlates of cognitive control in bilingual language production

Kang

et al. 2017

Human Brain Mapping

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The present study investigated how language switching experience would modulate the neural correlates of cognitive control involved in bilingual language production. A group of unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals undertook an 8-day cued picture naming training during which they named pictures in either of their languages based on visually presented cues. Participants' brain activation was scanned before and after the training in the same task. Behavioral results revealed a significant training effect such that switch costs were reduced after training. fMRI results showed that after training, activation of brain areas associated with cognitive control including the anterior cingulated cortex and the caudate was reduced. Besides, the activation reduction in the left dorsal anterior cingulated cortex positively correlated with the reduction in switch costs in response time and this training effect could be transferred to untrained stimuli. These findings suggest that neural correlates of cognitive control, especially that of the conflict monitoring process, in bilingual language production could be modulated by short-term language switching training. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5859-5870, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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On the minimization of task switch costs following long-term training

Cited by 32 publications

References 83 publications

Task switching: effects of practice on switch and mixing costs

Task switching: effects of practice on switch and mixing costs

Increases in rewards promote flexible behavior

Short‐term language switching training tunes the neural correlates of cognitive control in bilingual language production

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