On the origin of proteins in human drusen: The meet, greet and stick hypothesis

Bergen, Arthur A. B.; Arya, Swati; Koster, Céline; Pilgrim, Matthew; Wiatrek-Moumoulidis, Dagmara; Spek, Peter J. van der; Hauck, Stefanie M.; Boon, Camiel J F; Emri, Eszter; Stewart, Alan J.; Lengyel, Imre

doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.003

Cited by 96 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 267 publications

(232 reference statements)

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“…Taken together, these RPE changes suggest that RPE dysfunction has a central role in AMD pathology and progression. Nonetheless, recent evidence suggests also that the photoreceptors, the choroid, as well as the blood contribute significantly to drusen formation and AMD disease pathology [11]. For the wet forms of AMD, a therapy exists which consists of monthly anti-VEGF injections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on Transplantation Studies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Animal Models

Koster

Wever

Wagstaff

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the adjacent light-sensitive photoreceptors form a single functional unit lining the back of the eye. Both cell layers are essential for normal vision. RPE degeneration is usually followed by photoreceptor degeneration and vice versa. There are currently almost no effective therapies available for RPE disorders such as Stargardt disease, specific types of retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. RPE replacement for these disorders, especially in later stages of the disease, may be one of the most promising future therapies. There is, however, no consensus regarding the optimal RPE source, delivery strategy, or the optimal experimental host in which to test RPE replacement therapy. Multiple RPE sources, delivery methods, and recipient animal models have been investigated, with variable results. So far, a systematic evaluation of the (variables influencing) efficacy of experimental RPE replacement parameters is lacking. Here we investigate the effect of RPE transplantation on vision and vision-based behavior in animal models of retinal degenerated diseases. In addition, we aim to explore the effect of RPE source used for transplantation, the method of intervention, and the animal model which is used. Methods: In this study, we systematically identified all publications concerning transplantation of RPE in experimental animal models targeting the improvement of vision (e.g., outcome measurements related to the morphology or function of the eye). A variety of characteristics, such as species, gender, and age of the animals but also cell type, number of cells, and other intervention characteristics were extracted from all studies. A risk of bias analysis was performed as well. Subsequently, all references describing one of the following outcomes were analyzed in depth in this systematic review: a-, b-, and c-wave amplitudes, vision-based, thickness analyses based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) data, and transplant survival based on scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) data. Meta-analyses were performed on the a-and b-wave amplitudes from electroretinography (ERG) data as well as data from vision-based behavioral assays. Results: original research articles met the inclusion criteria after two screening rounds. Overall, most studies were categorized as unclear regarding the risk of bias, because many experimental details were poorly reported. Twenty-three studies reporting one or more of the outcome measures of interest were eligible for either descriptive (thickness analyses based on OCT data; n = 2) or meta-analyses. RPE transplantation significantly increased ERG a-wave Int.(Hedges' g 1.181 (0.471-1.892), n = 6) and b-wave (Hedges' g 1.734 (1.295-2.172), n = 42) amplitudes and improved vision-based behavior (Hedges' g 1.018 (0.826-1.209), n = 96). Subgroup analyses revealed a significantly increased effect of the use of young and adolescent animals compared to adult animals. Moreover, transplanting more cells (in the range of 10 5 versus in the range o...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on Transplantation Studies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Animal Models

Koster

Wever

Wagstaff

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…AMD is a degenerative disease of the macula and is characterized by extracellular deposits known as drusen. Drusen contain lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory factors [11,12], are found between the RPE layer and the Bruchs' membrane [13], and are associated with reduced functionality of the RPE layer [14]. Advanced AMD is classified in two forms based on their pathological features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single nucleotide polymorphism rs13079080 is associated with differential regulation of the succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) gene by miRNA-4470

et al. 2019

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Oxidative stress is a feature of many common diseases. It leads to excessive formation and subsequent release of the mitochondrial metabolite succinate, which acts as a signalling molecule through binding the succinate receptor (SUCNR1). Recently, a potential role for SUCNR1 was proposed in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common cause of vision loss in the elderly associated with increased oxidative stress. Here, we evaluated the potential effect of genetic variants in SUCNR1 on its expression through differential micro-RNA (miRNA) binding to target mRNA, and investigated the relevance of altered SUCNR1 expression in AMD pathogenesis. We analysed common SUCNR1 SNPs for potential miRNA binding sites and identified rs13079080, located in the 3ʹ-UTR and binding site for miRNA-4470. Both miRNA-4470 and SUCNR1 were found to be expressed in human retina. Moreover, using a luciferase reporter assay, a 60% decrease in activity was observed when miRNA-4470 was co-expressed with the C allele compared to the T allele of rs13079080. Finally, genotyping rs13079080 in an AMD case-control cohort revealed a protective effect of the TT genotype on AMD compared to the CC genotype (p = 0.007, odds ratio = 0.66). However, the association was not confirmed in the case-control study of the International AMD Genomics Consortium. Our study demonstrates that the T allele of rs13079080 in SUCNR1 disrupts a binding site for miRNA-4470, potentially increasing SUCNR1 expression and consequently increasing the capacity of sensing and dealing with oxidative stress. Therefore, it would be worthwhile assessing the relevance of rs13079080 in other oxidative stress-associated diseases in future studies.

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“…Each RPE cell is partnered with approximately 30 photoreceptors, so the daily phagocytic load is tremendous. With aging, the RPE develops signs of inefficient digestion, and it accumulates undigested proteins and lipids between the RPE and Bruch's membrane called drusen; these acellular deposits can be found in the macular, perimacular, and peripheral retina and are heterogeneous in terms of shape, color, size, and content [59], 1980. Drusen and other anatomical changes may lie within normal signs of aging and can be observed during fundoscopic examination.…”

Section: Rpe Pigmentation In Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A G-Protein Coupled Receptor and Macular Degeneration

Figueroa

McKay

2020

Cells

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The risk of AMD increases with age and is most common among the white population. Here, we discuss the convergence of factors related to race, pigmentation, and susceptibility to AMD, where the primary defect occurs in retinal support cells, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We explore whether the observed racial bias in AMD incidence is related to innate differences in the basal level of pigmentation between races, and whether the pigmentation pathway activity in the RPE might protect from retinal degeneration. More specifically, we explore whether the downstream signaling activity of GPR143, a G-protein coupled receptor in the pigmentation pathway, might underly the racial bias of AMD and be a target to prevent the disease. Lastly, we summarize the past findings of a large retrospective study that investigated the relationship between the stimulation of GPR143 with L-DOPA, the pigmentation pathway, and AMD, to potentially help develop new ways to prevent or treat AMD. The reader of this review will come to understand the racial bias of AMD, which is related to the function of the RPE.

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On the origin of proteins in human drusen: The meet, greet and stick hypothesis

Cited by 96 publications

References 267 publications

A Systematic Review on Transplantation Studies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Animal Models

A Systematic Review on Transplantation Studies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Animal Models

Single nucleotide polymorphism rs13079080 is associated with differential regulation of the succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) gene by miRNA-4470

A G-Protein Coupled Receptor and Macular Degeneration

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