On the Pharmacologic Actions of 21-Carbon Hormonal Steroids (“Glucocorticoids”) of the Adrenal Cortex in Mammals

Janoski, Alfonso H.; Shaver, Joyce C.; Christy, Nicholas P.; Rosner, William

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-99938-3_5

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 591 publications

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“…Corticosteroids regulate vascular tone and blood pressure in animals and man: they increase peripheral vascular resistance and cause systemic hypertension [23]. Reports in the literature of studies in animals and in man indicate that an intimate relationship exists between the adrenal cortical steroids and the response of the vascular system to the adrenergic neurohumors [24].…”

Section: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (Kininase Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple control of inflammation by glucocorticoids

et al. 1986

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Section: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (Kininase Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple control of inflammation by glucocorticoids

et al. 1986

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“…Although hydroxyproline in urine is not derived exclusively from bone coHagen the increase in both hydroxyproline and calcium in urine following dosing with the steroid, together with the known osteoporotic effects of steroid therapy in humans (Janoski et al 1968), indicates that some bone resorption had taken place, particularly in thcJse sheep in poor body condition. The correlation between urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretion is consistent with the data of Klein et al (1961).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these species administration of pharmacological doses of various glucocorticoids or ACTH markedly reduces the excretion of hydroxyproline in urine in the young and causes very slight decreases or no change in urinary hydroxyproline excretion in the adult (Kivirikko 1970). In Cushing's syndrome (adrenal cortical hyperfunction) in adult humans no change in urinary hydroxyproline excretion has been found (Kivirikko 1970) yet the incidence of osteroporosis in such patients ranges from 50 to 60% (Janoski et al 1968). This suggests that the changes currently observed in hydroxyproline excretion by sheep could reflect skeletal abnormalities other than osteoporosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This should be viewed with some concern if it occurs as the result of corticosteroid doses at levels similar to those used for chemical defleecing purposes (Panaretto 1979) because (1) one of the undesirable side-effects of corticosteroid therapy in humans is the likelihood of inducing osteoporosis or other skeletal disorders (Janoski et al 1968); (2) there is a relationship between bone turnover and hydroxyproline excretion. For example, Klein et al (1961) found a correlation of 0 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Dexamethasone and Cyclophosphamide on Urinary Hydroxyproline to Creatinine Ratios in Sheep

Aj¹

1982

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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The possibility of altering bone collagen turnover rates by injecting large doses of dexamethasone or by administering large doses of cyclophosphamide orally was investigated in sheep on low and high dietary intakes by measuring changes in the ratios of free and total hydroxyproline to creatinine and of calcium to creatinine in the urine. Dexamethasone at the rate of 1·15 mg/kg live weight caused an increase in free hydroxyproline excretion of 111 and 26 % and in calcium excretion of 402 and 243 % in the low and high intake sheep respectively. Cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg) had little effect except for causing a slight decrease in total hydroxyproline excretion in the sheep on the high dietary intake. Heavier sheep on high dietary intakes excreted more free hydroxyproline than lighter sheep on low intakes.It was concluded that dosing sheep with corticosteroids for the purpose of defleecing could cause abnormal collagen metabolism. Skeletal disorders are a likely result but further long-term field work would be necessary to determine the practical significance of these findings.

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“…Corticosterone, the major physiological glucocorticoid of the rat adrenal cortex (14) exerted similar effects but preference was given to the use of dexamethasone on account of its good water solubility.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythm of tyrosine hydroxylase induction by short-term cold stress: modulatory action of glucocorticoids in newborn and adult rats.

Otten¹,

Thoenen²

1975

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The trans-synaptic induction of tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; EC 1.14. were studied in more detail.We wish to report that in adult rats the induction of TH by short-term (1-2 hr) cold stress is subjected to a circadian rhythm both in the adrenal medulla and in the sympathetic ganglia. A causal relationship between the circadian rhythm of TH induction by cold stress and the circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis can be deduced from the observation that administration of glucocorticoids to adult animals abolished the circadian rhythm of TH inducibility and that during the postnatal development the circadian rhythm of TH inducibility coincided with the occurrence of the circadian rhythm of plasma corticoids (8). MATERIALS AND METHODS.Male Sprague-Dawley rats (supplied by the Siiddeutsche Versuchstierfarm, Tuttlingen, Germany) weighing 60-70 g were adapted to constant laboratory conditions (temperature kept at 24 i 10 in fully climatized rooms with a 12 hr lightdark cycle changed at 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. respectively) for at least 14 days. They had free access to tap water and food pellets (Nafag AG, Zurzach, Switzerland). After this period of equilibration groups of animals were exposed to a temperature of 40 for 2 hr. Different groups were exposed to the cold starting at 4 hr intervals around the clock and were killed by a blow on the head 48 hr later. Adrenals and superior cervical ganglia were rapidly removed and homogenized in ice-cold 5 mM Tris HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.1%o Triton X-100. One pair of adrenals was homogenized in 4 ml, one pair of ganglia in 0.5 ml.Neonatal rats were housed in litters of 8 to 10 together with their parents until 25 days of age. Young rats were exposed to 40 for 45-60 min; at the end of the cold exposure the animals were allowed to recover under a heating lamp. They were killed by exposure to ether vapor 48 hr after the beginning of the stress procedure. One pair of adrenals was homogenized in 2 ml of 5 mMil Tris HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.1% Triton X-100, one pair of superior cervical ganglia in 0.5 ml. The homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000 X g for 20 nin and the supernatant fraction was used for determination of TH activity according to the method of Levitt et al. (9)

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On the Pharmacologic Actions of 21-Carbon Hormonal Steroids (“Glucocorticoids”) of the Adrenal Cortex in Mammals

Cited by 5 publications

References 591 publications

Multiple control of inflammation by glucocorticoids

Multiple control of inflammation by glucocorticoids

Effect of Dexamethasone and Cyclophosphamide on Urinary Hydroxyproline to Creatinine Ratios in Sheep

Circadian rhythm of tyrosine hydroxylase induction by short-term cold stress: modulatory action of glucocorticoids in newborn and adult rats.

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