On the proportion of ortho isomers in the tricresyl phosphates contained in jet oil

Ramsden, Jeremy J.

doi:10.4024/03ra13l.jbpc.13.02

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The non-detection of ooo-TCP (<0.0005%) in our study significantly contrasts with earlier investigations where the ooo-TCP represented between 10 and 60% of all TCP isomers in cabin air (Ramsden, 2013;Rosenberger et al, 2013). Whilst this study cannot discount the presence of ooo-TCP below concentrations of 0.0005% the initial results indicate that the oil is not the source of ooo-TCP in cabin air.…”

Section: Tcp Quantificationcontrasting

confidence: 85%

“…de Boer et al (2015) used data from De Nola et al (2011) and Craig and Barth (1999) to calculate that even using worst-case scenarios they cannot explain a relation of TCP in flight deck air to the complaints of pilots and air crew, a similar conclusion was also reached by de Ree et al (2014) and Schindler et al (2012). Available data was reviewed by Ramsden (2013) who used jet oil consumption as a surrogate to measure chemical contamination in aircraft cabin air. Those results show that the oil concentration in a fume event, in which visible smoke appears in the cabin, was estimated at 50 mg/m 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The variability in these studies highlights the uncertainty in recording and reporting methodologies but also suggests that other possible explanations for the reported symptoms must be considered as the effects may not be due to TCP or ooo-TCP alone. The temperatures of jet engines during operation can vary, the oil may be heated to several hundred C (Ramsden, 2013), although some parts of the engine (e.g., the combustion chamber) can get much hotter and exceed temperatures of 400 C. These temperatures have the potential to alter the composition of the original oil and create other toxic compounds such as trimethylolpropane phosphate (Winder and Balouet, 2002). Pyrolysis of the oil also has the potential to pose a health risk due to the generation of toxic asphyxiants such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide (Winder and Balouet, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of fresh and used aircraft oil for the identification of toxic substances linked to aerotoxic syndrome

et al. 2016

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Fresh and used aircraft engine lubricants (Mobil Jet Oil II) were analysed using a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FTICRMS) and comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography with high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-HRTOFMS). The composition of the fresh oil was established, with special focus to its tricresyl phosphate (TCP) content as this has formed the focus for most investigations into aerotoxic syndrome. The results showed that only four TCP isomers were present at detectable levels in the fresh oil: mmm-TCP, mmp-TCP, ppm-TCP and ppp-TCP. The results indicate that the formulation of Mobile Jet Oil II does not contain the more toxic ortho substituted TCP isomers at concentrations above 0.0005%. The temperatures of jet engines during operation are greater than 200 °C which creates the potential to alter the composition of the original oil and create other toxic compounds. The results show there may be a significant risk from alkylated cresyl phosphates, which were identified in the used oils at concentrations calculated in the range of 0.13-0.69%. w/w. Several xylenyl and ethylphenyl phosphates have been shown to exhibit a similar toxicity to ortho substituted TCP isomers which makes there discovery in used oil significant. These compounds should be included in future aircraft air quality studies and when assessing the risks and causes of aerotoxic syndrome.

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Section: Tcp Quantificationcontrasting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of fresh and used aircraft oil for the identification of toxic substances linked to aerotoxic syndrome

et al. 2016

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“…Phosphate esters, such as tricresyl phosphate (TCP), tributyl phosphate (TBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), etc., were initially used for aviation engines. Despite the health concerns that they pose [6,7], their use has expanded, and they are presently employed in a wide range of applications, including automotive engines [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Nanodiamond and Phosphate Ester Anti-Wear Additive Blends

et al. 2018

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Nanodiamonds are known to improve tribological performance when added to lubricants, but their impact on additives that may already be present in the lubricant is poorly documented. Here, we report on a study of their effects on thermal reaction films formed from tricresyl phosphate (TCP) on Fe substrates immersed in a dibasic ester basestock when blended with TCP. Thermal reaction film formation temperatures were recorded in-situ by monitoring the reaction film formation on both Fe and air baked Fe surfaces using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The nanodiamonds were found to raise the thermal reaction film formation temperature by 18 • C, possibly by raising the activation energy for the reaction, but they were not observed to affect the thickness or rate of formation of the films. The nanodiamonds, moreover, were observed to trigger thermal reaction film formation on air baked Fe surfaces that otherwise were highly resistance to reaction film formation. The surface morphology, roughness, and thickness of the thermal reaction films, as measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM), are reported as well as their chemical compositions, as studied with Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The coefficients of friction measured on the thermal reaction films during dry solid-solid contact are also reported.Lubricants 2018, 6, 56 2 of 14 existing phosphate esters additives, rather than outright replacing them. An appropriate strategy to limit their use levels while also retaining their function is to blend them with a synergistic and environmentally friendly additive. The overarching goal here is to add the synergistic additive without increasing the amount of phosphorus in the system until it is required to do so. This strategy would be completely practical to implement and applicable in various fields, such as aviation, automobiles, manufacturing, defense, etc., that implement a condition-based maintenance schedule [8].Nanomaterials are emerging as environmentally friendly and effective additives for controlling friction and wear in various applications [9]. Several physical mechanisms such as change in friction mode (sliding to rolling), surface polishing/mending, reduction in cohesive forces via layered materials, etc., and chemical mechanisms, including material delivery/transfer for catalysis, tribofilm formation by tribochemical reactions, etc., have been identified as lubrication mechanisms for nanomaterials [10]. However, nanomaterials should also be able to withstand tough environments under EP conditions during boundary lubrication and the high operating temperatures of aircraft engines if they are to be successfully blended with currently used additives. This requires that nanomaterials have, among other properties, a high melting point, high hardness, and favorable chemical reactions to allow rigid bonding onto the surface, together with the anti-wear film produced by the phosphate ester [5].Among the nanomaterials discovered and studied so far, nanodiamonds are the leading candidates from the po...

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“…The engine lubricating oil contains tricresyl phosphate (TCP) (2-6% by weight), of which the tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) content is supposed to be less than 0.1% of the total TCPs, albeit that in reality the proportion might be much greater [9]. The oil also contains N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, alkylated diphenylamines and phenyl dimethyl phosphate [10]. Hydraulic fluid contains tributyl phosphate (TBP), dibutyl phenyl phosphate (DPP), butyl diphenyl phosphate (BDP) or a mixture of all three [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoantibody markers of neural degeneration are associated with post-mortem histopathological alterations of a neurologically injured pilot

Abou‐Donia¹,

Goot²,

Mulder³

2014

JBPC

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There are numerous concerns regarding the neurotoxicity of contaminated air inside pressurized aircraft. Neurological symptoms have been seen in many aircrew members who have reportedly been exposed to the breathable, yet potentially toxic, air in airliners. Symptoms allegedly contracted by aircrew and passengers are thought to be caused by a single large exposure or repetitive cumulative low-level exposures to toxic chemicals in the airliner internal air. Genetic variation plays a rôle. We report here the case of a 43-year old airline pilot who presented with neurological deficits and other symptoms. The pilot died without regaining good health. In vivo blood had been collected ante mortem. Analysis of the serum confirmed grossly elevated levels of serum autoantibody biomarkers for neuronal cell degeneration compared with a control group. At autopsy, various tissues underwent histopathological assessment. Brain and spinal tissues exhibited axonal degeneration and demyelination. Peripheral nerves showed T-lymphocyte infiltration and demyelination. T-lymphocytes had infiltrated the heart muscle tissue. The post-mortem tests and pathological examination of the nervous system confirmed the autoantibody biomarker results. Differential diagnosis showed that the work environment, clinical condition, histopathology and serum biomarkers for nervous system injury are consistent with organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity. The results also indicated that the inferred exposure to organophosphates sensitized the nervous system and heart tissue towards further injury.

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On the proportion of ortho isomers in the tricresyl phosphates contained in jet oil

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

A comparison of fresh and used aircraft oil for the identification of toxic substances linked to aerotoxic syndrome

A comparison of fresh and used aircraft oil for the identification of toxic substances linked to aerotoxic syndrome

Synergistic Effect of Nanodiamond and Phosphate Ester Anti-Wear Additive Blends

Autoantibody markers of neural degeneration are associated with post-mortem histopathological alterations of a neurologically injured pilot

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