On the proposal of quantitative temperature measurement by using three-color technique combined with several infrared sensors having different detection wavelength bands

Inagaki, Terumi; Ishii, Tatsuo

doi:10.1016/s1350-4495(00)00050-5

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Thermal imaging (or so-called thermography) was used to measure the temperature distribution profiles of candle surfaces. Thermography is a non-contact, 2-D imaging system based on IRsensing of certain cameras (4,5). The 2-D images of the objects obtained this way are called thermograms (4,5).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogenated vegetable oils as candle wax

Rezaei

Wang

Johnson

2002

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Partially hydrogenated soybean oil, referred to as soywax, is gaining attention as a renewable and biodegradable alternative to paraffin wax for use in candles. However, current soywax candles suffer from several problems, especially poor melting and solidification properties. Fully hydrogenated soybean oil exhibits improved melting properties but owing to its fragile texture, it is not yet acceptable in most candle applications. In the present work, KLX™ (a wax composed of fractionated hydrogenated soy and cottonseed oils) was used as a base material for candles, and the effects of additives such as hydrogenated palm oil (HPO), FFA, and paraffin on the textural and combustion properties were evaluated. Melting and solidification profiles of KLX were better than those of fully hydrogenated soy oil. Adding FFA improved the solidification properties of KLX candles. Adding paraffin improved the compressibility of the wax, while HPO addition decreased hardness and compressibility. Changing the candle diameter and/or wick size along with changing the wax composition resulted in candles with desirable quality attributes.Overabundance in the world supply of vegetable oils and the limited supply in petroleum resources provide impetus to the candle industry to use waxes based on vegetable oils. The annual U.S. market for paraffin in candle applications has been estimated at 1 billion pounds (1). This is equivalent to about 5% (w/w) of the current soybean oil production in the United States.Partially hydrogenated soybean oil, referred to as soywax, has recently been used for manufacturing candles (2,3). Major problems with soywax are the greasy surface texture and the brittle structure of candles made of soywax. Also, poor melting and re-crystallization properties of soywax result in delayed re-solidification and therefore excessive dripping of the wax. Consequently, the use of soywax has been limited to container and large-diameter pillar-type candles. Proper hydrogenation of soybean oil may improve its melting and solidification properties for use as candles.The melting and re-solidification properties of the wax components considerably influence the candle's acceptability. Although materials with lower m.p. create larger burning pools, materials with unnecessarily low m.p. can cause uncontrolled dripping of the candle wax with taper-and pillar-type candles. Not only does this create a wax spillage problem, but also the life of the candle is reduced and there may be a fire hazard as well. Furthermore, the wick can be drowned and consequently the flame can be extinguished in container-type candles.Many small-scale candle-manufacturing companies are applying the traditional methods of candle preparation. In response to the growing demand for hand-crafted candles based on hydrogenated vegetable oils, the number of these companies is also growing. In such operations, it is critical to avoid cracking the candles during manufacturing. One approach to reduce cracking is to disrupt the natural crystalline structures of the waxes...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermography is a non-contact, 2-D imaging system based on IRsensing of certain cameras (4,5). The 2-D images of the objects obtained this way are called thermograms (4,5). Thermal images of the candles were recorded using an Inframetrics™ PM250 ThermaCam™ (Flir Systems, North Billerica, MA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogenated vegetable oils as candle wax

Rezaei

Wang

Johnson

2002

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…The power index was determined by using a series of linear-approximated correlations between the energy detected by the infrared sensor and the temperature of a blackbody furnace. Since the approximated curve is displayed on a logarithmic scale, the power index that represents the inclination of the approximated curve is computed to 4 decimal places to provide sufficient accuracy (Inagaki, 2000). The value of the emissivity at the gas-liquid interface was determined as 0.98 from the above process.…”

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Heat transfer and fluid flow of benard-cell convection in rectangular container with free surface sensed by infrared thermography

Inagaki

Hatori

Suzuki

et al. 2006

J Vis

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The natural convection flow phenomena that occur inside an enclosed space are very interesting examples of complex fluid systems that may yield to analytical, empirical and numerical solutions, and many reports have looked into this basic problem. In the present study, heat transfer and fluid flow for natural convection in a horizontal rectangular container with a free surface are investigated using infrared thermography. The temperature field was measured and visualized at a gas-liquid (air -silicon oil) interface using infrared thermography. The heat transfer phenomena were also investigated by statistically analyzing the temperature data. The applicability of the infrared thermography to quantitative heat transfer measurement at the gas-liquid interface was evaluated. It is revealed that infrared thermography is effective not only in visualization of a gas-liquid interface but also in heat transfer measurement. A new heat transfer correlation is proposed for the gas-liquid interface of this flow system. The coefficient of heat transfer can be summarized by a specific heat transfer correlation formula regardless of several conditions, including container aspect ratio, fluid viscosity and fluid layer depth.

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“…Non-contact optical measurements of high temperature objects are of great importance in many research and industrial applications [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Optical pyrometry based on one-color or two-color measurements in different spectral regions is well developed and commonly used to determine surface or volume temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%