On the relation between spontaneous trait inferences and intentional inferences: An inference monitoring hypothesis

Ferreira, Mário B.; Garcia­‐Marques, Leonel; Hamilton, David L.; Ramos, Tânia; Uleman, James S.; Jerónimo, Rita

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.013

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…For example, people form personality impressions from the facial appearance of other individuals, a process often based on rapid, intuitive, and unreflected mechanisms (Ferreira et al, 2012). Evidence for the validity of the information inferred from facial appearance is mixed with some studies suggesting that these inferences can be fairly accurate, and others showing that facial cues are often misinterpreted (Olivola & Todorov, 2010b;Todorov, Olivola, Dotsch, & MendeSiedlecki, 2015).…”

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The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database)

et al. 2016

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This article presents subjective rating norms for a new set of Stills And Videos of facial Expressions-the SAVE database. Twenty nonprofessional models were filmed while posing in three different facial expressions (smile, neutral, and frown). After each pose, the models completed the PANAS questionnaire, and reported more positive affect after smiling and more negative affect after frowning. From the shooting material, stills and 5 s and 10 s videos were edited (total stimulus set = 180). A different sample of 120 participants evaluated the stimuli for attractiveness, arousal, clarity, genuineness, familiarity, intensity, valence, and similarity. Overall, facial expression had a main effect in all of the evaluated dimensions, with smiling models obtaining the highest ratings. Frowning expressions were perceived as being more arousing, clearer, and more intense, but also as more negative than neutral expressions. Stimulus presentation format only influenced the ratings of attractiveness, familiarity, genuineness, and intensity. The attractiveness and familiarity ratings increased with longer exposure times, whereas genuineness decreased. The ratings in the several dimensions were correlated. The subjective norms of facial stimuli presented in this article have potential applications to the work of researchers in several research domains. From our database, researchers may choose the most adequate stimulus presentation format for a particular experiment, select and manipulate the dimensions of interest, and control for the remaining dimensions. The full stimulus set and descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) for each stimulus per dimension are provided as supplementary material.

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The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database)

et al. 2016

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“…Our results extend this STI inhibition effect for inferences that occur under impression formation goals. Although there are many differences between the processes that underlie intentional impression formation and spontaneous trait inferences, the similarities between these results suggest that there is an analogous effect of expectancy on trait encoding, which calls for examining common components in intentional and spontaneous trait inferences (Ferreira et al, 2012).…”

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When expectancies harm comprehension: Encoding flexibility in impression formation

Jerónimo

Garcia‐Marques

Ferreira

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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We explored the possibility that the encoding flexibility processes postulated by Sherman and colleagues (1998) may also apply to intentional impression formation settings, even when cognitive resources are available to conceptually encode all of the behavioral information regardless of the relation of that information to the initial stereotypical expectancies. Three experiments offer evidence for the lower conceptual fluency for expectancy-incongruent behaviors, compared with congruent behaviors, as well as for the consequences of that difference for impression formation.Experiment 1 shows that incongruent behaviors are perceived as more difficult to understand in meaning. Experiment 2 links this lower conceptual fluency with a better discrimination of the specific trait implications of the behaviors. We further explore the role of conceptual encoding difficulty for developing personality impressions (Experiment 3). These studies reveal the implications of initial expectancies for the differential conceptual encoding of congruent and incongruent behaviors, even when the availability of cognitive resources is high, such as when forming an intentional impression about a person's personality. The link between this process and encoding the trait implications of behaviors may shed new light on impression formation processes and demand a revision of some of the assumptions that were made by the classical person memory model. We contend that behavior encoding in impression formation is likely to begin with default trait encoding but will be inhibited when the implications of the behavior conflict with previous trait expectancies (see also Wigboldus, Dijksterhuis, & van Knippenberg, 2003).

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“…Implicit person memories can also be formed unconsciously (e.g., Lupfer, Clark, & Hutcherson, 1990;Moskowitz & Roman, 1992) and under extreme cognitive load (e.g., Crawford, Skowronski, Stiff, & Scherer, 2007;Todorov & Uleman, 2003). In contrast, conscious attention needs to be directed to trait-relevant information for explicit person memories to be formed (Ferreira et al, 2012;Hamilton, Katz, & Leirer, 1980). Social-cognitive models contend that conscious attention brings the contents of implicit impressions into consciousness, resulting in the increased elaboration and organization of such material in explicit memory (Ferreira et al, 2012;Uleman, Blader, & Todorov, 2005).…”

Section: Implicit and Explicit Memory For Reputation Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, conscious attention needs to be directed to trait-relevant information for explicit person memories to be formed (Ferreira et al, 2012;Hamilton, Katz, & Leirer, 1980). Social-cognitive models contend that conscious attention brings the contents of implicit impressions into consciousness, resulting in the increased elaboration and organization of such material in explicit memory (Ferreira et al, 2012;Uleman, Blader, & Todorov, 2005).…”

Section: Implicit and Explicit Memory For Reputation Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Implicit memory is also prone to the formation of non-rational associations in memory, such that person A becomes associated with helpfulness when they merely discuss the helpful behaviors of person B (Carlston & Skowronski, 2005;Crawford et al, 2007;Skowronski, Carlston, Mae, & Crawford, 1998). Finally, implicit memory is prone to source confusion, such that one is less capable of remembering how one learned that a given person is helpful (Ferreira et al, 2012;Finke, Johnson, & Shyi, 1988;Johnson, Raye, Foley, & Foley, 1981). These biases would all lead one's helping behavior to be driven by factors other than a target person's reputation.…”

Section: Implicit and Explicit Memory For Reputation Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Explicit person memories constrain the indirect reciprocation of prosocial acts

Wilkowski

Chai

2012

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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On the relation between spontaneous trait inferences and intentional inferences: An inference monitoring hypothesis

Cited by 23 publications

References 56 publications

The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database)

The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database)

When expectancies harm comprehension: Encoding flexibility in impression formation

Explicit person memories constrain the indirect reciprocation of prosocial acts

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