On the relevance of volume increase for the length changes of mortar bars in sulfate solutions

Kunther, Wolfgang; Lothenbach, Barbara; Scrivener, Karen

doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.01.002

Cited by 136 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There is no link between the amount of ettringite and/or gypsum precipitation and the extent of expansion (Kunther et al, 2013a;Odler and Colan-Subauste, 1999). Lothenbach et al (2010) showed that the increase in solids volume upon sulfate attack did not exceed the total capillary porosity, when modelling for changes in phase assemblage for a neat mortar exposed to either 4 g/l or 44 g/l of sodium sulfate (Figure 1).…”

Section: Precipitation Of Ettringitementioning

confidence: 99%

Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Whittaker

Black

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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This paper offers an update of the current understanding of sulfate attack, with emphasis on the sulfates present in an external water source percolating through, and potentially reacting with, the cement matrix. The paper considers the explanations put forward to explain sulfate attack, both from a chemical and microstructural perspective.Similarly, this paper reviews work on the physical damage caused by the precipitation of sulfate salts in porous materials. With the increased use of binary and ternary blends, this paper also considers the impact of binder composition on sulfate resistance, and similarly reviews how the nature of the sulfate species can affect the nature and extent of any deterioration. This then leads on to the important consideration of differences between field-and lab-based studies, reviewing the effect of various experimental parameters on sulfate resistance. This latter topic is of great importance to anyone who wishes to carry out such experiments.

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Section: Precipitation Of Ettringitementioning

confidence: 99%

Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Whittaker

Black

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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“…Amongst the several mechanisms that have been suggested in the literature to explain how the precipitation of ettringite leads to expansion, two theories stand as the most discussed [25]. In the first of them, expansion are a result of the additional volume generated by ettringite formation (e.g.…”

Section: -Modeling Volumetric Expansionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the second of them, expansions are caused by the crystallization pressure exerted on the pore walls due to the formation of ettringite from supersaturated solution within small pores (e.g. [25,27]). The latter theory is supported by recent publications [25,28,29], placing this approach as the most plausible theory [29].…”

Section: -Modeling Volumetric Expansionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative methodology to consider damage and expansions in external sulfate attack modeling

Ikumi

Cavalaro

Segura

et al. 2014

Cement and Concrete Research

147

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A diffusion -reaction numerical model is proposed to simulate the response of concrete exposed to external sulfate attack. Diffusion properties are modified based on the strain reached and the ratio of porosity filled by ettringite. A direct and intuitive approach is proposed for the consideration of the diffusion in a cracked porous media based on the constitutive law of the material. A methodology to compute expansions based on a more realistic consideration of the concrete porosimetry is presented, by which it is possible to distinguish different strain contributions from different pore sizes. The described approach also allows the consideration of different capacities to accommodate expansive product for each pore size considered and the faster filling rate existent in small pores. Critical parameters of the numerical model developed are recognized and

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“…While this was recognized long ago in geomorphology 1,2 and conservation science [3][4][5][6][7] , it has only recently emerged in concrete science as the most convincing explanation for sulfate attack [8][9][10] and in geotechnical engineering for the floor heave of anhydrite-containing rock formations 11 . In the latter case, the most dramatic situation was a geothermal drilling through anhydrite-bearing rock formations that opened access for water to convert anhydrite to gypsum.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

et al. 2014

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Many porous materials are damaged by pressure exerted by salt crystals growing in their pores. This is a serious issue in conservation science, geomorphology, geotechnical engineering and concrete materials science. In all cases, a central question is whether crystallization pressure will cause damage. Here we present an experiment in which the crystallization pressure and the pore saturation are varied in a controlled way. We demonstrate that a strain energy failure criterion can be used to predict when damage will occur. The experiment considered is the most widely used means to study the susceptibility to salt crystallization, so quantification of this test has far-reaching implications.

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On the relevance of volume increase for the length changes of mortar bars in sulfate solutions

Cited by 136 publications

References 28 publications

Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Alternative methodology to consider damage and expansions in external sulfate attack modeling

Chemo-mechanics of salt damage in stone

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