On the temperature dependence of flammability limits of gases

Kondô, Shigeo; Takizawa, Kenji; Takahashi, Akifumi; Tokuhashi, Kazuaki

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.037

Cited by 121 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nonetheless, the utility of this concept lies in the fact that the change in calculated limit fuel concentrations is relatively insensitive to variations in limit flame temperatures (T f ). Thus, it would take a variation of some 300 °C to effect a noticeable change in the experimental limit concentration of methane even at high initial temperatures well beyond the maximum initial temperature (100 °C) reported by Kondo et al (2011). That is why the original value of 1225 °C chosen by White (1925) or the value 1300 °C chosen by Egerton (1953) gives consistent values for the temperature dependence of the LFL.…”

Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The virtue of this minor amendment is that 20 °C is an actual temperature used in the determination of experimental limits as a function of mixture temperature (Kondo et al, 2011). Therefore, the experimental values at 20 °C can be used as the basis value for the calculations.…”

Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very recently, Kondo et al (2011) have conducted studies of the temperature dependence of the LFLs and UFLs of a variety of fuels in air using a 12-L glass sphere. Their finding of linear temperature dependence in the temperature range of 50 °C-100 °C was rationalized on the basis of a limit mixture energy using individual values for the average heat capacity and heat of combustion of the various fuels (Kondo et al, 2011).…”

Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their finding of linear temperature dependence in the temperature range of 50 °C-100 °C was rationalized on the basis of a limit mixture energy using individual values for the average heat capacity and heat of combustion of the various fuels (Kondo et al, 2011). The LFL temperature coefficient was thus taken to be specific to a given fuel.…”

Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kondo et al (2006Kondo et al ( , 2008 have also reported results on the LFL, UFL, and LOC (with nitrogen (N 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) inerting) of some other hydrocarbons, and inorganic and oxygenated organic compounds. They have, furthermore, recently reported results on the effect of initial temperature on the flammability limits of various gaseous fuels (Kondo, Takizawa, Takahashi, & Tokuhashi, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental flammability limits and associated theoretical flame temperatures as a tool for predicting the temperature dependence of these limits

Zlochower

2012

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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The utility and limitations of adiabatic flame temperature calculations and minimum mixture energies in predicting the temperature dependence of flammability limits are explored. The limiting flame temperatures at constant pressure (1 bar) are calculated using a standard widelyused thermodynamic computer program. The computation is based on the calculated limiting flame temperature value at the reference initial temperature and the experimental limit concentration. The values recently determined in large chambers for the lower and upper flammability limits of a variety of simple organic and inorganic gases (methane, ethylene, dimethylether, and carbon monoxide) are used as the basis for the predictions of the limiting flame temperature concept. Such thermodynamic calculations are compared with more traditional ones based on a limiting mixture energy and a constant average heat capacity of the reactant mixture. The advantages and limitations of the methods are discussed in this paper.

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Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theory: Limit Flame Temperature -Mixture Combustion Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Experimental flammability limits and associated theoretical flame temperatures as a tool for predicting the temperature dependence of these limits

Zlochower

2012

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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Synthesis of 2‐Alkynoates by Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Terminal Alkynes and Alcohols

Cao

Hughes

Muldoon

2016

Chemistry A European J

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A homogeneous PdII catalyst, utilizing a simple and inexpensive amine ligand (TMEDA), allows 2‐alkynoates to be prepared in high yields by an oxidative carbonylation of terminal alkynes and alcohols. The catalyst system overcomes many of the limitations of previous palladium carbonylation catalysts. It has an increased substrate scope, avoids large excesses of alcohol substrate and uses a desirable solvent. The catalyst employs oxygen as the terminal oxidant and can be operated under safer gas mixtures.

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Palladium(II)‐Catalysed Aminocarbonylation of Terminal Alkynes for the Synthesis of 2‐Ynamides: Addressing the Challenges of Solvents and Gas Mixtures

Hughes¹,

Brown²,

Irwin³

et al. 2017

ChemSusChem

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Abstract2‐Ynamides can be synthesised through PdII catalysed oxidative carbonylation, utilising low catalyst loadings. A variety of alkynes and amines can be used to afford 2‐ynamides in high yields, whilst overcoming the drawbacks associated with previous oxidative methods, which rely on dangerous solvents and gas mixtures. The use of [NBu4]I allows the utilisation of the industrially recommended solvent ethyl acetate. O2 can be used as the terminal oxidant, and the catalyst can operate under safer conditions with low O2 concentrations.

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On the temperature dependence of flammability limits of gases

Cited by 121 publications

References 14 publications

Experimental flammability limits and associated theoretical flame temperatures as a tool for predicting the temperature dependence of these limits

Experimental flammability limits and associated theoretical flame temperatures as a tool for predicting the temperature dependence of these limits

Synthesis of 2‐Alkynoates by Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Terminal Alkynes and Alcohols

Palladium(II)‐Catalysed Aminocarbonylation of Terminal Alkynes for the Synthesis of 2‐Ynamides: Addressing the Challenges of Solvents and Gas Mixtures

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