On the transfer of the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) from the sow to the full-term piglet during the last third of gestation

Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 and their metabolites in pig urine as biomarkers for mycotoxin exposure

“…αZOL was found in seven urine samples, but it is remarkable that ZEA and βZOL were only co-occurring in one sample. Both αZOL and ZEA have been found together in urine in most feeding studies with ZEA to pigs, and in similar concentrations Trenholm 1981, 1983;Olsen et al 1985a;Zöllner et al 2002;Dänicke et al 2005aDänicke et al , 2007Dänicke et al , 2008. Döll et al (2003) have, however, found a higher ratio between ZEA and αZOL in weaning piglets.…”

Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the lactation diet on the feed intake and fertility of sows

“…Feed intake of ad libitum fed growing pigs is reduced at dietary DON levels as low as 1 mg/kg, whereas higher doses of DON are cytotoxic (Pestka 2007). The viability of spermatozoa, oocytes and embryos is therefore likely to be affected by DON. In most experimental investigations of the effects of DON on the reproductive performance of pigs, exposure to DON only began once the gilts had been mated (Friend et al 1983(Friend et al , 1986Chavez 1984;Etienne et al 2006;DiazLlano and Smith 2006;Dänicke et al 2007;Goyarts et al 2007). No negative effects on reproductive performance were observed in these trials as long as dietary DON did not markedly affect feed intake.…”

Use of modified halloysite nanotubes in the feed reduces the toxic effects of zearalenone on sow reproduction and piglet development

“…However, during the mid-gestation, the fetuses with rapidly developing organ system absorb largely maternal nutrition through placental transfer [11]. Because of the large contact surface and the intensive nutrient exchange in this period, a placental transfer of ZEN appeared to be likely in middle or late pregnancy in swine [8,12]. The adverse effects of ZEN may be even more pronounced during pregnancy, as the fetuses are susceptible to toxins because of their fragile developmental state and inadequate defense mechanism.…”

“…Zearalenone frequently occurs in piglets under natural conditions, which are caused by ZEN exposure in the uterus and placental transfer from the exposed sow to her piglets or by the stored ZEN during gestation release via suckling the piglets [8]. Exposure to ZEN during gestation can delay the fetal development and lead to premature oocyte depletion in adulthood of the offspring [9,10].…”