On the transfer of the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) from sows to their fetuses during days 35–70 of gestation

Goyarts, Tanja; Dänicke, Sven; Brüssow, Klaus‐Peter; Valenta, Hana; Ueberschär, Karl‐Heinz; Tiemann, Ute

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.04.003

Cited by 55 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Animal studies found that DON crosses the placenta [29]; it is therefore likely that in utero exposure to DON will occur in humans as well. This is mostly because the detoxification capacity of the foetus has not been fully developed at a time of rapid growth and cell turnover; thus, pregnancy may represent a critical window for DON exposure [26].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very little is known concerning ZEA and infant and maternal exposure levels in Africa, once again mostly due to the lack of valid biomarkers. However, the primary symptoms of ZEA toxicosis include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea [29]. All three of these symptoms could influence IYC growth negatively (especially in terms of food refusal and weight loss), and therefore it is assumed that there might be associations between ZEA exposure and IYC growth impairment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxin Exposure and Infant and Young Child Growth in Africa: What Do We Know?

Lombard¹

2014

Ann Nutr Metab

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Introduction: Infant and young child (IYC) growth impairment remains a public health problem in Africa partly because infants are exposed to staple foods (contaminated with mycotoxins) at an early age. Understanding the role of mycotoxins in IYC growth is vital, and this paper systematically reviews the available knowledge. Methods: Studies were searched and included if they provided information on African IYC mycotoxin exposure rates and/or growth. Studies were excluded if subjects were older than 15 years, if they were animal studies or focusing on other mycotoxins. Relevant search words were included in search strings. Eight reviews were identified and reference lists scrutinised for additional studies. Results: Ten studies were included; 8 focused on aflatoxin (AF), 2 on fumonisin (FB) and none on deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). AF exposure prevalence reached 100% with levels at 40.4 pg/mg. AF was present in umbilical cords indicating that AF crosses the placenta. Maternal exposure levels were correlated with breast milk levels. The highest levels of serum AF (mean 32.8 pg/mg) were measured in Benin and Togo with 5.4% reaching levels higher than 200 pg/mg. At the end of weaning, children had similar prevalence and exposure levels as adults. Results also indicated that infants with higher levels of maternal exposure had significantly lower height-for-age z-scores (HAZ scores), although there was no significant association between cord AF and infant HAZ scores or AF in cord blood and HAZ scores. Significantly higher mean maternal AF levels related to lower weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ scores) were reported, and infants with higher levels of maternal exposure had significantly lower WAZ scores that decreased over age. Cord AF levels had no effect on infant WAZ scores. One study investigated the association between FB and IYC growth and found that those with FB intakes greater than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake were significantly shorter (1.3 cm) and lighter (328 g). No studies investigated the role of DON and ZEA. Conclusion: A limited number of epidemiological studies have been conducted, and available research indicates extreme exposures to AF. There are strong associations between AF exposure and stunting and wasting. However, more epidemiological research is urgently needed to understand the role of FB, DON and ZEA in IYC growth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Exposure and Infant and Young Child Growth in Africa: What Do We Know?

Lombard¹

2014

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…In addition to these effects, changes in reproductive parameters have been observed in humans and pigs (Alm et al 2006;FinkGremmels and Malekinejad 2007;Hussein and Brasel 2001;Tiemann and Dänicke 2007). While some studies have described negative effects on fertility of pigs due to dietary exposure to low DON levels (Hörügel et al 2003;Jadamus and Schneider 2002), recent reports demonstrated no clinical effects in sows and their progeny after dietary exposure to 4.4 or 9.6 mg DON/kg for 35 days, but a significant placental transfer of this toxin to the fetus tissues Goyarts et al 2007a). Furthermore, sows fed 9.6 mg DON/kg between gestational days 75 and 110 showed hepatocellular effects such as iron enhancement and ultrastructural organelle changes in liver and partly in spleen (Tiemann et al 2008b), while after dietary DON exposure of 4.4 mg/kg from day 35 to 70 of gestation, sows exhibited spleen hemosiderosis and their fetuses an enhancement of liver glycogen and impairment of liver mitochondria (Tiemann et al 2008a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) administered per os or intraperitoneal infusion to sows during days 63 to 70 of gestation

et al. 2010

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Six pregnant sows of 180.6 ± 5.6 kg were fed either a Fusarium-contaminated (4.42 mg DON and 48.3 µg ZON per kg, DON per os, n = 3) or a control diet (0.15 mg DON and 5 µg ZON/kg) in the period of days 63 and 70 of gestation. On day 63 of gestation, sows fed the control diet were implanted with an intraperitoneal osmotic minipump (delivery rate of 10 µL/h, for 7 days) containing 50 mg pure (98%) DON in 2 ml 50% DMSO (DON ip, n = 3). Frequent plasma samples were taken to estimate the kinetics after oral and ip DON exposure. The intended continuous delivery of DON by the intraperitoneal minipump could not be shown, as there was a plasma peak (Cmax) of 4.2-6.4 ng DON/mL either immediately (sow IP-2+3) or 2.5 h (sow IP-1) after implantation of the pump followed by a one-exponential decline with a mean half-time (t1/2) of 1.75-4.0 h and only negligible DON plasma concentrations after 12 h. Therefore, the DON ip exposure has to be regarded as one single dose 1 week before termination of experiment. The DON per os sows showed a mean basis level (after achieving a steady state) of DON plasma concentration of about 6-8 ng/mL, as also indicated by the plasma DON concentration at the termination of the experiment. On day 70, caesarean section was carried out, the fetuses were killed immediately after birth, and samples of plasma, urine, and bile were taken to analyze the concentration of DON and its metabolite de-epoxy-DON. At necropsy there were no macroscopic lesions observed in any organ of either sows or piglets. Histopathological evaluation of sows liver and spleen revealed no alterations. The proliferation rate of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with or without stimulation was not affected by the kind of DON treatment. The exposure of pregnant sows at mid-gestation (days 63-70, period of organogenesis) to a Fusarium toxin-contaminated diet (4.42 mg DON and 0.048 mg ZON per kg) or pure DON via intraperitoneal osmotic minipump did not cause adverse effects on health, fertility, maintenance of pregnancy, and performance of sows and their fetuses. However, DON was detected in fetus plasma, indicating that this toxin can pass the placental barrier and may cause changes in the proportion of white blood cells (lower monocyte and neutrophil and higher lymphocyte proportion in DON per os fetuses).

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“…It is known that ZEA, DON, and AF are rapidly absorbed, bio-transformed to metabolites such as conjugates, and excreted mainly in the urine after animal exposure (Dalezios et al 1973;Raj and Lotlikar 1984;Olsen et al 1985a;Wei et al 1985;Goyarts et al , 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 and their metabolites in pig urine as biomarkers for mycotoxin exposure

Thieu

Pettersson

2009

Mycotox Res

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Methods to determine zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AF) and their metabolites in pig urine were developed as biomarkers for pig exposure to the mycotoxins in feed. Urine samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase to cleave conjugates, extracted and cleaned-up with solid phase and immunoaffinity columns, followed by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection. Good recoveries (83-130%), low variation (2-10%), and low detection limits (0.3-9.9 ng/ml) were obtained. The results of controlled AFB1 feeding trials found no difference in urine concentrations of AFB1 or AFM1 from pigs fed three different levels (127, 227, 327 µg/kg) of AFB1 in diets. The excretion of AFB1 and AFM1 in urine was on average 30% of the oral dose and the ratio AFB1 to AFM1 was around 23%. The analysis of 15 Vietnamese pig urine samples indicate a relatively high exposure of ZEA, DON and AF, which were found as toxin or metabolites in 47, 73, and 80% of the urine samples, respectively.

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On the transfer of the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) from sows to their fetuses during days 35–70 of gestation

Cited by 55 publications

References 24 publications

Mycotoxin Exposure and Infant and Young Child Growth in Africa: What Do We Know?

Mycotoxin Exposure and Infant and Young Child Growth in Africa: What Do We Know?

On the effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) administered per os or intraperitoneal infusion to sows during days 63 to 70 of gestation

Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 and their metabolites in pig urine as biomarkers for mycotoxin exposure

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