On the use of compact thermal cameras for quantitative wildfire monitoring

Abstract

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Deriving Fire Behavior Metrics from UAS Imagery

“…An important consideration for deriving useable fire data from UAS is the stabilization of imagery to mitigate platform drift and jitter [59]. Gimbaled sensors reduce these effects, but correction is still necessary.…”

“…GCPs were also obscured by fire and smoke in some images, which led to inconsistent results across the time series. The use of image stabilization algorithms, specifically those designed for video stabilization, resolved these issues [59]. We used the warp stabilizer algorithm within Adobe After Effects (version 15.1.2) for this purpose, although open-source variants are also available.…”

“…Paugam et al [36] found that areas of complex vector shapes were difficult to characterize and had to average groups of pixels at the cost of losing data by increasing pixel resolution to 1.44 m from the initial 18 cm. Valero et al [59] and Onyaye et al [63] smoothed the contours and applied logic to traverse flame front gaps in order to create continuous vector lines.…”

Image Similarity Metrics Suitable for Infrared Video Stabilization during Active Wildfire Monitoring: A Comparative Analysis

“…Nevertheless, turbulence from the fire often results in significant roll, pitch and yaw variations that are hard to cancel with mechanical stabilization systems only. Given camera motion during the acquisition, image registration and rectification are required before spatial inference can be completed (for example, to measure fire residence time per pixel or rate of spread).Within sensor types suitable for wildfire monitoring, optical cameras working in the thermal infrared (TIR) range are widely applied to characterize active fire behavior due to their high availability and versatility [11,15,17,31,32]. Airborne TIR cameras allow measuring fire geometry and radiated energy with high spatial and moderate temporal resolution even in the presence of smoke.…”

“…Within sensor types suitable for wildfire monitoring, optical cameras working in the thermal infrared (TIR) range are widely applied to characterize active fire behavior due to their high availability and versatility [11,15,17,31,32]. Airborne TIR cameras allow measuring fire geometry and radiated energy with high spatial and moderate temporal resolution even in the presence of smoke.…”