On the Use of Microwave Holography to Detect Surface Defects of Rails and Measure the Rail Profile

Zhuravlev, Andrey; Razevig, Vladimir; Ivashov, Sergey; Skrebkov, A. V.; Alekseev, Viktor

doi:10.3390/s19061376

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…The utility of this approach was illustrated experimentally by comparing MW images reconstructed with the DEM against the same images realized using traditional back-propagation methods assuming a homogeneous ground with a planar surface. Accurate positioning of the HSR sensor was obtained using a webcam video and a graphic contrast augmented reality (AR) marker; this solution [93] allows the acquisition of interference pattern samples at a great number of arbitrary positions to investigate a volume. To calculate the radar position, the physical coordinates of the AR marker angles are corrected with their geometric projections on the webcam image.…”

Section: Photomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Applications of Multi-Frequency Holographic Subsurface Radar: Review and Case Histories

et al. 2021

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Holographic subsurface radar (HSR) is not currently in widespread usage. This is due to a historical perspective in the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) community that the high attenuation of electromagnetic waves in most media of interest and the inability to apply time-varying gain to the continuous-wave (CW) HSR signal preclude sufficient effective penetration depth. While it is true that the fundamental physics of HSR, with its use of a CW signal, does not allow amplification of later (i.e., deeper) arrivals in lossy media (as is possible with impulse subsurface radar (ISR)), HSR has distinct advantages. The most important of these is the ability to do shallow subsurface imaging with a resolution that is not possible with ISR. In addition, the design of an HSR system is simpler than for ISR due to the relatively low-tech transmitting and receiving antennae. This paper provides a review of the main principles of HSR through an optical analogy and describes possible algorithms for radar hologram reconstruction. We also present a review of the history of development of systems and applications of the RASCAN type, which is possibly the only commercially available holographic subsurface radar. Among the subsurface imaging and remote sensing applications considered are humanitarian demining, construction inspection, nondestructive testing of dielectric aerospace materials, surveys of historic architecture and artworks, paleontology, and security screening. Each application is illustrated with relevant data acquired in laboratory and/or field experiments.

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Section: Photomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that the high sensitivity of HSR to reflections from surface irregularities can also be useful in applications where surface defects themselves are to be detected. As, for example, when detecting surface defects on metals [93][94][95].…”

Section: Photomentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Applications of Multi-Frequency Holographic Subsurface Radar: Review and Case Histories

et al. 2021

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“…It should be noted that the high sensitivity of HSR to reflections from surface irregularities can also useful in applications where surface defects themselves are to be detected. As, for example, when detecting surface defects on metals [94], [95], [96].…”

Section: Radar Image (Parallel-polarization)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Applications of Multi-Frequency Holographic Subsurface Radar: Review and Case Histories

Ivashov¹,

Capineri²,

Bechtel³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Holographic subsurface radar (HSR) is currently not in widespread usage. This is due to an historical perspective in the ground penetrating radar (GPR) community that the high attenuation of electromagnetic waves in most media of interest, and the inability to apply time-varying gain to the continuous wave (CW) HSR signal precludes sufficient effective penetration depth. While it is true that the fundamental physics of HSR, with its use of a CW signal, does not allow amplification of later (i.e. deeper) arrivals in lossy media (as is possible with impulse subsurface radar — ISR), HSR has distinct some distinctive advantages. The most important of these is the ability to do shallow subsurface imaging with a resolution that is not possible with ISR. In addition, the design of an HSR system is simpler than for ISR due to the relatively low-tech transmitting and receiving antennae. This paper provides a review of the main principles of HSR through an optical analogy and describes possible algorithms for radar hologram reconstruction. We also present a review of the history of development of systems and applications for HSR of the “RASCAN” type which is possibly the only holographic subsurface radar that is produced in lots. Among the subsurface imaging and remote sensing applications considered are humanitarian demining, construction inspection, surveys of historic architecture and artworks, nondestructive testing of dielectric aerospace materials, security applications, paleontology, detection of wood-boring insect damage, and others. Each application is illustrated with relevant data acquired in laboratory and/or field experiments.

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“…Many investigations have been devoted to examining the effects of fatigue on pearlitic and bainitic rails [6][7][8][9][10]; defect analyses have been performed using hardness tests, microstructural analysis, and simulation [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Research on detection and prevention using non-destructive methods such as acoustic emissions and microwave sensors have been widely performed [5,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Continuous Welded 50N Rail

Choi¹,

Song²,

Lim³

et al. 2019

Korean J. Met. Mater.

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Rails are subjected to repeated stresses due to wheel-rail contact during train service. Rails under stress conditions undergo microstructural changes, and these cause degradations of the structural integrity and lifetime of rails. In this study, three different rails (newly-manufactured rail, newly-manufactured headhardened rail, and worn (used) rail) were compared to examine the effects of heat treatment and repeated wheel-rail contact stress on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of continuous welded rail. The crystal structure, constituent phase distribution, tensile property, and hardness were investigated at various locations along a cross section of the rails. All three rails consisted of a mixture of BCC and FCC crystal structures as a majority phase with a very small amount of cementite (Fe 3 C) as a minor phase. Rietveld analysis revealed that the weighted fractions of the BCC crystal structure were approximately 74%, 64%, and 85% for the new rail, head-hardened rail, and worn rail, respectively. While the web and foot areas of the three rails showed no significant differences in mechanical properties, the railheads of the three rails revealed much higher yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness. The highest tensile strength and hardness were measured at the railhead in the head-hardened rail, and were attributed to the evolution of the bainite phase, generated by additional heat treatment. The higher mechanical strength of the railhead of the worn rail is thought to have resulted from a combination of work hardening and smaller lamellar spacing of the pearlite phase, induced by repeated wear processes during train operation.

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On the Use of Microwave Holography to Detect Surface Defects of Rails and Measure the Rail Profile

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Design and Applications of Multi-Frequency Holographic Subsurface Radar: Review and Case Histories

Design and Applications of Multi-Frequency Holographic Subsurface Radar: Review and Case Histories

Design and Applications of Multi-Frequency Holographic Subsurface Radar: Review and Case Histories

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Continuous Welded 50N Rail

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