On transmission congestion and pricing

Sensitivity-Based Method for the Effective Location of SSSC

“…Also, congestion can be corrected by applying controls (corrective actions) such as phase shifters, tap transformers, reactive power control, re-dispatch of generation and curtailment of loads [4]- [12]. Fast relief of congestion may be possible by removing congested lines to prevent severe damages to the system, however this will diminish the stability and security margin of the system.…”

An Advanced Method of Congestion Management for Optimal Energy Pricing

“…LMP methodology has been implemented or is under implementation at some independent system operators, for example: California ISO, PJM, New York ISO, ISO-New England, Midwest ISO, ERCOT, etc (Jun, 2006;Litvinov, 2006;Xie et al, 2006;Yong & Zuyi, 2006). Reference in (Gedra, 1999) gives a tutorial review of the use of optimal power flow approximation to calculate optimal locational prices and congestion costs. Many researchers have proposed various methodologies to assess locational marginal pricing under a competitive market.…”

Congestion Management using Genetic Algorithm in Deregulated Power Environments

“…The pricing system (e.g., nodal price or locational marginal price (LMP)) plays an important role in the congestion management [9][10][11][12]. Reference [9] proposes a "fixed transmission right" model for the congestion management.…”

“…In recent years the methods of managing transmission congestion have been under intense scrutiny [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]25]. Presently there are two distinct congestion management systems widely being employed: nodal pricing [20] and zonal pricing methods [13].…”