On Various Phase Transitions Occurring in Aqueous Solutions at Low Temperatures

Luyet, B

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb49982.x

Cited by 81 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Liquid nitrogen has a temperature of −196°C while slush nitrogen has a temperature of roughly −205°C to −210°C. However, the main benefit of quenching with the slush over liquid nitrogen does not come from this temperature difference, but from a reduction of vapourization when submitted to relatively high temperatures (Luyet, 1960; Sjostrand and Elfvin, 1964; Mazur et al , 1993). This reduction of vapourization exposes the sample to a more direct contact with the cryogenic media and, in this way, increases the cooling rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-rapid vitrification of mouse oocytes in low cryoprotectant concentrations

Lee

Elmoazzen

Wright

et al. 2010

Reproductive BioMedicine Online

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The ideal cryopreservation protocol would combine the benefits of slow freezing with the benefits of vitrification. This report describes a method for the ultra-rapid vitrification of oocytes using slush nitrogen in quartz capillaries. The approach minimizes the thermal mass of the vitrification vessel by using open microcapillaries made of highly conductive quartz and achieves cooling rates of 250,000°C/min. The process of vitrification can be optimized by maximizing the rate at which the sample is cooled, which allows for the use of lower cryoprotectant concentrations. Mouse oocytes can be successfully vitrified using 1.5 mol/l propane-1,2-diol and 0.5 mol/l trehalose and achieve survival rates of 92.5%. Fertilization and blastocyst formation rates of vitrified-warmed and fresh oocytes were not significantly different. A total of 120 blastocysts from each of the vitrified-warmed and fresh oocytes were transferred to surrogate mothers and 23 and 27 offspring were born respectively. All offspring in both groups were healthy, grew and bred normally and gave rise to a second generation of pups. Thus, an ultra-rapid vitrification technique has been developed for mouse oocytes that uses low concentrations of cryoprotectants and slush nitrogen in quartz capillaries, which combines the benefits of slow freezing and vitrification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-rapid vitrification of mouse oocytes in low cryoprotectant concentrations

Lee

Elmoazzen

Wright

et al. 2010

Reproductive BioMedicine Online

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“…Therefore, consideration must be given to the adoption of methods that simultaneously detect early apoptotic cells along with necrotic cells for a more accurate assessment of post-thaw in this study [62][63][64] and hence ensure the total solidifi cation (and long-term stability) of the frozen sample. The thawing rate was based on an earlier study by Thirumala et al [5] that investigated the effect of various freezing parameters on the immediate post-thaw integrity of frozen/thawed ASCs and was chosen to be 40°C/min (or rapid thawing).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Methylcellulose and Dimethyl Sulfoxide as the Cryoprotectants in a Serum-Free Freezing Media for Cryopreservation of Adipose-Derived Adult Stem Cells

Thirumala

Gimble

Devireddy

2010

Stem Cells and Development

102

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Developing effective techniques for the cryopreservation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells (ASCs) could increase the usefulness of these cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To this end, we investigated the post-freeze/thaw viability and apoptotic behavior of Passage 1 (P1) adult stem cells (ASCs) in 11 different media: (i) the traditional media containing Dulbecco's modifi ed Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 80% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), (ii) DMEM with 80% human serum (HS) and 10% DMSO, (iii) DMEM with 1% methyl cellulose (MC) and 10% of either HS or FCS or DMSO, and (iv) DMEM with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10% DMSO. Approximately 1 mL (10 6 cells/mL) of P1 ASCs were frozen overnight in a −80°C freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks before being rapidly thawed in a 37°C water bath (1-2 min of agitation), resuspended in culture media, and seeded in separate wells of a 6-well plate for a 24-h incubation period at 37°C. After 24 h, the thawed samples were analyzed by bright-fi eld microscopy and fl ow cytometry. The results suggest that the absence of DMSO (and the presence of MC) signifi cantly increases the fraction of apoptotic and/or necrotic ASCs. However, the percentage of viable cells obtained with 2% DMSO and DMEM was comparable with that obtained in freezing media with 10% DMSO and 80% serum (HS or FCS), that is, ~84% ± 5% and ~84% ± 8%, respectively. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation behavior of the frozen thawed cells was also assessed using histochemical staining. Our results suggest that post-thaw ASC viability, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiability can be maintained even when they are frozen in the absence of serum but with a minimal concentration of 2% DMSO in DMEM.

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“…Tammann's law concerning ice nucleation and crystal growth This law was introduced by Luyet into cryobiology (Luyet 1960). Tammann's Law explains that the nucleation and the growth of ice nuclei take place at different temperatures.…”

Section: Cryolesions In Cryopreservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfusion and transplantation of cryopreserved cells and tissues

Sumida

2006

Cell Tissue Banking

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The modern era of cryomedicine began in 1949 in London and developed world-wide in the second half of the 20th century based on the first report of a novel method of cryopreservation of sperm and erythrocytes using glycerol that was reported in 1949 and 1950 by Polge and Smith. In 1951 at Hradec Kralove, Czech. Klen initiated a "tissue bank" using his unique freeze-drying system. In 1964, the initial meeting of the Society for Cryobiology was organized by its first president. B. J. Luyet in Washington, DC. Cryobiology including cryopreservation and cryosurgery, contributed immense advances for clinical medicine. Cryomedicine will realize the goals of the New Millennium medicine: regeneration, plasticity, and minimally invasive therapy. I explained the first one, regeneration in this paper in detail. Cryomedicine involved subzero-temperatures to freeze the biological objects either for preservation or for destruction. Cryopreservation involves the cooling of the target biological materials to below the temperature of solidification by consumption of energy, through continuously supplying inert cryogens to attain the necessary cryo-temperatures by Joule-Thompson's effect. Therefore biological materials for cryopreservation should be carefully selected and once frozen purposefully kept in the frozen state to be used later to regenerate human cells, tissues and organs, and also to relaize "plasticity". Recently, lyophilization of human cells and tissues came back to the main street of cryopreservation to provide low cost economical and ecological banking of cells and tissues as a hope of the New Millennium. The first attempt of that was made by Prof. Dr. Rudolf Klen and his colleagues.Finally, physicians and related scientists who are going to be interested in cryomedicine should not worry about "freezing and thawing" as being time consuming and labor intensive, otherwise they will not share in the crucial benefits of cryomedicine.

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On Various Phase Transitions Occurring in Aqueous Solutions at Low Temperatures

Cited by 81 publications

References 7 publications

Ultra-rapid vitrification of mouse oocytes in low cryoprotectant concentrations

Ultra-rapid vitrification of mouse oocytes in low cryoprotectant concentrations

Evaluation of Methylcellulose and Dimethyl Sulfoxide as the Cryoprotectants in a Serum-Free Freezing Media for Cryopreservation of Adipose-Derived Adult Stem Cells

Transfusion and transplantation of cryopreserved cells and tissues

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