Onchocerciasis in Southwestern Sudan: Parasitological and Clinical Characteristics

Mackenzie, Charles D.; Williams, J. F.; O’Day, Justin; Ghalal, I.; Flockhart, Hilary A.; Sisley, B. M.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.371

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Even though higher prevalence of O. volvulus infection and OSD were reported from studies conducted in Nigeria and Sudan [ 20 , 21 ], there are some studies with similar prevalence of O. volvulus infection and higher prevalence of OSD compared to the current study [ 22 ]. The observed difference might be due to the difference in parasite strain and vector abundance and infectivity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

A community-based cross-sectional study of the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in unmapped villages for community directed treatment with ivermectin in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia

et al. 2015

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BackgroundHuman onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus (O. volvulus) that may result in devastating skin and eye morbidity. Even though the disease is targeted for elimination, there was little or no information on the level of onchocerciasis endemicity for implementation of community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in the current study area. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the epidemiology of onchocerciasis and the level of awareness towards the disease among communities living close to CDTI area, Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 23 to May 22, 2012. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practice towards onchocerciasis were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Clinical examination was undertaken for onchocercal skin diseases by experienced health professionals. Moreover, two skin snip samples were collected from the right and left gluteal folds. Study participants found positive for O. volvulus infection during the study were treated individually with standard dose of ivermectin as per WHO guideline.ResultsThe overall prevalence of O. volvulus infection was 22.5 % while the prevalence of onchocercal skin diseases was 29.8 %. The community microfilarial (mf) load was 5.70 mf per skin snip. Age, sex, educational status, occupation and duration of stay in the villages showed significant association with onchocerciasis (P < 0.05). But sex (OR = 0.565, 95 % CI = 0.335, 0.952), educational status (OR = 0.545, 95 % CI = 0.310, 0.958) and duration of stay in the village (OR = 5.933, 95 % CI = 1.017, 34.626) were the independent predictors for O. volvulus infection. Three hundred eighty eight (88.2 %) of the study participants reported that they didn’t know about onchocerciasis.ConclusionsThere was moderate prevalence of onchocercal infection and onchocercial skin diseases (OSD) in the study area. Result of this study may suggest that the endemicity level of onchocerciasis in the study area was mesoendemic. Hence, intervention using ivermectin treatment should be implemented to reduce the burden of onchocerciasis. Since the majorities of the population had poor knowledge, attitude and practice towards onchocerciasis, inclusion of health education in the intervention package is crucial.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

A community-based cross-sectional study of the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in unmapped villages for community directed treatment with ivermectin in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia

et al. 2015

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“…The end of the conflict affords a great opportunity for rapid improvements in health infrastructure, access to health care, and implementation of village-based primary health care services in southern Sudan. Although attention will certainly be focused on the “big three” diseases—malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis—neglected diseases such as trachoma, Guinea worm [26], and onchocerciasis [27] are all highly prevalent in southern Sudan. It should be possible to integrate control of these neglected diseases into the structure of the new health system and empower this most disadvantaged population to move into the postconflict phase with a greatly reduced burden of preventable diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blinding Trachoma in Postconflict Southern Sudan

Ngondi

Ole-Sempele²,

Onsarigo³

et al. 2006

PLoS Med

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BackgroundTrachoma is a leading cause of preventable blindness. Reports from eye surgery camps and anecdotal data indicated that blinding trachoma is a serious cause of visual impairment in Mankien payam (district) of southern Sudan. We conducted this study to estimate the prevalence of trachoma, estimate targets for interventions, and establish a baseline for monitoring and evaluation.Methods and FindingsA population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in May 2005. A two-stage cluster random sampling with probability proportional to size was used to select the sample population. Participants were examined for trachoma by experienced graders using the World Health Organization simplified grading scheme. A total of 3,567 persons were examined (89.7% of those enumerated) of whom 2,017 were children aged less than 15 y and 1,550 were aged 15 y and above. Prevalence of signs of active trachoma in children aged 1–9 y was: trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) = 57.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 54.5%–60.4%); trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) = 39.8% (95% CI, 36.3%–43.5%); and TF and/or TI (active trachoma) = 63.3% (95% CI, 60.1%–66.4%). Prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis was 9.6% (95% CI, 8.4%–10.9%) in all ages, 2.3% (95% CI, 1.6%–3.2%) in children aged under 15 y, and 19.2% (95% CI, 17.0%–21.7%) in adults. Men were equally affected by trichiasis as women: odds ratio = 1.09 (95% CI, 0.81%–1.47%). It is estimated that there are up to 5,344 persons requiring trichiasis surgery in Mankien payam.ConclusionsTrachoma is a serious public health problem in Mankien, and the high prevalence of trichiasis in children underscores the severity of blinding trachoma. There is an urgent need to implement the surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental change (SAFE) strategy for trachoma control in Mankien payam, and the end of the 21-y civil war affords an opportunity to do this.

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“…Palpable nodules and signs of O. volvulus skin disease (onchodermatitis) were determined as previously described. [28][29][30] Data analysis. Data were initially recorded on paper forms and then transferred into an Excel database.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus Transmission in the Abu Hamed Focus, Sudan

Higazi

Zarroug

Mohamed

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Abu Hamed, Sudan, the northernmost location of onchocerciasis in the world, began community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in 1998, with annual treatments enhanced to semiannual in 2007. We assessed the status of the parasite transmission in 2011 entomologically, parasitologically, and serologically. O-150 pool screening showed no parasite DNA in 17,537 black flies collected in 2011 (95% confidence interval upper limit [95% CI UL] = 0.023). Skin microfilariae, nodules, and signs of skin disease were absent in 536 individuals in seven local communities. Similarly, no evidence of Onchocerca volvulus Ov16 antibodies was found in 6,756 school children 10 years (95% CI UL = 0.03%). Because this assessment of the focus meets the 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for interrupted transmission, treatment was halted in 2012, and a post-treatment surveillance period was initiated in anticipation of declaration of disease elimination in this area. We provide the first evidence in East Africa that long-term CDTI alone can interrupt transmission of onchocerciasis.

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Onchocerciasis in Southwestern Sudan: Parasitological and Clinical Characteristics

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

A community-based cross-sectional study of the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in unmapped villages for community directed treatment with ivermectin in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia

A community-based cross-sectional study of the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in unmapped villages for community directed treatment with ivermectin in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia

Blinding Trachoma in Postconflict Southern Sudan

Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus Transmission in the Abu Hamed Focus, Sudan

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