Oncogenesis and Tumor Inhibition by MicroRNAs and its Potential Therapeutic Applications: A Systematic Review

Abstract

MicroRNAs appear as small molecule modifiers, which improve many new findings and mechanical illustrations for critically important biological phenomena and pathologic events. The best-characterized non‐coding RNA family consists of about 2600 human microRNAs. Rich evidence has revealed their crucial importance in maintaining normal development, differentiation, growth control, aging, modulation of cell survival or apoptosis, as well as migration and metastasis as microRNAs dysregulation leads to cancer incidence and progression. By far, microRNAs have recently emerged as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. The rationale for developing microRNA therapeutics is based on the premise that aberrantly expressed microRNAs play a significant role in the emergence of a variety of human diseases ranging from cardiovascular defects to cancer, and that repairing these microRNA deficiencies by either antagonizing or restoring microRNA function may yield a therapeutic benefit. Although microRNA antagonists are conceptually similar to other inhibitory therapies, improving the performance of microRNAs by microRNA replacement or inhibition that is a less well- described attitude. In this assay, we have condensed the last global knowledge and concepts regarding the involvement of microRNAs in cancer emergence, which has been achieved from the previous studies, consisting of the regulation of key cancer‐related pathways, such as cell cycle control and the DNA damage response and the disruption of profile expression in human cancer. Here, we have reviewed the special characteristics of microRNA replacement and inhibition therapies and discussed explorations linked with the delivery of microRNA mimics in turmeric cells. Besides, the achievement of biomarkers based on microRNAs in clinics is considered as novel non-invasive biomarkers in diagnostic and prognostic assessments.

Can microRNA become next-generation tools in molecular diagnostics and therapeutics? A systematic review

“…This is bestowed to the fact that these circulating biomarkers are quite stable in serum and other body fluids. They are thermodynamically preserved under extreme conditions and can be detected by several techniques [40]. Moreover, miRNAs are quite consistent in formalin-fixed tissues.…”

MicroRNA-based signatures impacting clinical course and biology of ovarian cancer: a miRNOmics study

“…The regulatory mechanisms act at the epigenetic, genetic, transcriptional, post-trascriptional, and translational level, with a wide spectrum of biological elements being involved at one or more of the prespecified contexes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) consist of evolutionarily well conserved small non-coding RNAs of 19 to 23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression by complementary base-pairing to the 3 ′untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNA, with consequent transcription inhibition, or direct degradation of target mRNA [ 13 ]. Hence, miRNAs act mainly via suppressing gene expression, and regulate approximately 30% of genes in the human genome [ 14 ].…”

MicroRNAs and Corresponding Targets in Esophageal Cancer as ShownIn VitroandIn Vivoin Preclinical Models

“…Up-regulated miRs indicate targets which have to be reconstituted with low-molecular-weight compounds or inhibited by miR antagonists such as locked nucleic acids and antagomirs (200). All antagonists are oligonucleotides with sequences complementary to endogenous miRs (200)(201)(202)(203). Down-regulated miRs identify targets which can be inhibited by small molecules or antibody-related moieties, or which can be re-expressed by replacement therapy with miR mimetics or vector-based expression (200)(201)(202)(203).…”

“…All antagonists are oligonucleotides with sequences complementary to endogenous miRs (200)(201)(202)(203). Down-regulated miRs identify targets which can be inhibited by small molecules or antibody-related moieties, or which can be re-expressed by replacement therapy with miR mimetics or vector-based expression (200)(201)(202)(203). miR mimetics are double-stranded RNAs which reconstitute the function of the corresponding miRs.…”