Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)

Abstract

BackgroundAlthough the risk factors for breast cancer are well established, namely female gender, early menarche and late menopause plus the protective influence of early pregnancy, the underlying causes of breast cancer remain unknown. The development of substantial recent evidence indicates that a handful of viruses may have a role in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma viruses (HPVs), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV-also known as human herpes virus type 4). Each of these viruses has documented oncogenic potential. The aim of this review is to inform the scientific and general community about this recent evidence.The evidenceMMTV and human breast cancer—the evidence is detailed and comprehensive but cannot be regarded as conclusive. BLV and human breast cancer—the evidence is limited. However, in view of the emerging information about BLV in human breast cancer, it is prudent to encourage the elimination of BLV in cattle, particularly in the dairy industry. HPVs and breast cancer—the evidence is substantial but not conclusive. The availability of effective preventive vaccines is a major advantage and their use should be encouraged. EBV and breast cancer—the evidence is also substantial but not conclusive. Currently, there are no practical means of either prevention or treatment. Although there is evidence of genetic predisposition, and cancer in general is a culmination of events, there is no evidence that inherited genetic traits are causal.ConclusionThe influence of oncogenic viruses is currently the major plausible hypothesis for a direct cause of human breast cancer.

Evaluation frequency of Human Herpes Virus type 8 in Patients with Breast Cancer

“…According to the International Cancer Agency, infectious agents such as viruses are responsible for 15-20% of human cancers [4]. Previous studies have shown that papillomavirus [5], Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [2], mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) [6,7], and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) [8] are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Moreover, several recent studies have suggested a possible relationship between Human Herpes Virus-8 (HHV-8) and breast cancer [9,10].…”

Associаtіon of Еpstеіn - Bаrr vіrus іnfеctіon wіth Brеаst Cаncеr іn Kіrkuk cіty

“…Sеvеral rіsk factors mаy bе а cаusе of brеast cаncеr, of thеsе factors vіrаl іnfеctіon [10].Onе of thе most common typеs of vіrus sprеаd іn thе world Еpstеіn Bаrr vіrus(ЕBV) [11]. Еpstеіn Bаrr vіrus whіch cаn bе а cаusе of brеast cаncеr [12,13]. The study showеd that brеast cancеr casеs, іt was іn thе advancеd stagеs that mеan dеlayеd dіagnosіs of brеast cancеr, Thіs findіng agrееs wіth a study donе by Alwan and hіs coworkеr [18] whom found that thе cаusе of brеаst cаncеr progrеssіon іs duе to thе fаct thаt thе low аnd mіddlе-іncomе countrіеs аmong thеsе countrіеs of Іrаq do not hаvе а strong cаpаcіty for costs to obtаіn mеdіcаl аttеntіon аnd also lack of knowlеdgе and awarеnеss rеgardіng brеast cancеr [18].…”

LAceModule: Identification of Competing Endogenous RNA Modules by Integrating Dynamic Correlation

“…The most significant GO terms were obtained from Module 199, and were associated with defense against other organisms, such as viruses. Numerous studies have indicated that the mouse mammary tumor virus, bovine leukemia virus, human papillomavirus, and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with breast cancer (Amarante and Watanabe, 2009;Alibek et al, 2013;Lawson et al, 2018). As shown in Figure 4A, genes in this module exhibit larger PCC and LA values.…”