Oncolytic reovirus induces ovarian cancer cell apoptosis in a TLR3-dependent manner

An, Yuanyuan; Xy, Wang; Wu, Xuxian; Chen, Liang; Yang, Yichen; Lin, Xiaojin; Wang, Nianxue; Duan, Jiangyao; Long, Shiqi; Zhao, Xing

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198440

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Targeting TLRs can have anti-tumor activity by promoting antigen presentation and activating innate and adaptive immunity (213,214). All three, RIG-I, MDA5 and TLRs can be activated by some OVs, providing the possibility for combining agonist of these receptors with OVs (215)(216)(217)(218)(219). However, the combination therapy has to avoid sensitizing the patient to a cytokine shock-like response induced by IV delivery of OVs (220).…”

Section: Finding Suitable Markers For Evaluating the Effectiveness Of Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy: An Emerging Option in the Treatment of Gliomas

Zeng

Sander³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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The prognosis of malignant gliomas remains poor, with median survival fewer than 20 months and a 5-year survival rate merely 5%. Their primary location in the central nervous system (CNS) and its immunosuppressive environment with little T cell infiltration has rendered cancer therapies mostly ineffective, and breakthrough therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited benefit. However, tumor immunotherapy is developing rapidly and can help overcome these obstacles. But for now, malignant gliomas remain fatal with short survival and limited therapeutic options. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a unique antitumor immunotherapy wherein viruses selectively or preferentially kill tumor cells, replicate and spread through tumors while inducing antitumor immune responses. OVTs can also recondition the tumor microenvironment and improve the efficacy of other immunotherapies by escalating the infiltration of immune cells into tumors. Some OVTs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and possess tropism for the CNS, enabling intravenous delivery. Despite the therapeutic potential displayed by oncolytic viruses (OVs), optimizing OVT has proved challenging in clinical development, and marketing approvals for OVTs have been rare. In June 2021 however, as a genetically engineered OV based on herpes simplex virus-1 (G47Δ), teserpaturev got conditional and time-limited approval for the treatment of malignant gliomas in Japan. In this review, we summarize the current state of OVT, the synergistic effect of OVT in combination with other immunotherapies as well as the hurdles to successful clinical use. We also provide some suggestions to overcome the challenges in treating of gliomas.

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Section: Finding Suitable Markers For Evaluating the Effectiveness Of Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy: An Emerging Option in the Treatment of Gliomas

Zeng

Sander³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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“…12 Moreover, OVs can activate various forms of immunogenic cell death (ICD), including immunogenic apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, 77,78 leading to the release of hallmark immunostimulatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as ATP, high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), heat shock protein, ectocalreticulin and proinflammatory cytokines. 79,80 These PAMPs and DAMPs are sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as stimulator of IFN genes (STING), Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecule 1 and TLR3 on immune cells, [81][82][83] establishing a proinflammatory microenvironment by stimulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as type I IFNs, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10, leading to the transformation of immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors. 71 First, locally secreted chemokines, such as CCL3 and CXCL10, recruit the first cell responders, such as neutrophils and macrophages, to the site of infection, 84 and these cytokines are involved in the induction of effective antitumor responses.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Ov Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering strategies to enhance oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy

Tian

Xie

Yang

2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

129

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Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. In addition to direct oncolysis, the essential and attractive aspect of oncolytic virotherapy is based on the intrinsic induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To further augment this efficacious response, OVs have been genetically engineered to express immune regulators that enhance or restore antitumor immunity. Recently, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have led to promising progress in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs, describes the optimization strategies for using armed OVs to enhance the effects of antitumor immunity and highlights rational combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies in recent preclinical and clinical studies.

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“…I IFN, interleukin (IL)−1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). [44][45][46] In addition, chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10. [47][48][49] It is known that cytokines attract neutrophils and macrophages, and these cytokines activate innate immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and DCs, further stimulating the production of IFNs, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and chemokines, ultimately turning "cold" tumors into "hot" ones, 50 as shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Ovsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OVs induce immunogenic cell death of tumor cells to release a variety of molecules, including pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMPs), damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs), and tumor‐associated neoantigens 43 . Tumor cells and immune cells activate the expression of inflammatory factors through PAMPs/DAMPs mode, such as type I IFN, interleukin (IL)−1β, IL‐6, IL‐12, TNF‐α, granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) 44–46 . In addition, chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10 47–49 .…”

Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Ovsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of oncolytic virus in tumor therapy

Huang

Guo

Lin

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells, as well as activate the innate and adaptive immune systems in patients. Thus, they have been considered as a promising measure for safe and effective cancer treatment. Recently, a few genetically engineered OVs have been developed to further improve the effect of tumor elimination by expressing specific immune regulatory factors and thus enhance the body's antitumor immunity. In addition, the combined therapies of OVs and other immunotherapies have been applied in clinical.Although there are many studies on this hot topic, a comprehensive review is missing on illustrating the mechanisms of tumor clearance by OVs and how to modify engineered OVs to further enhance their antitumor effects. In this study, we provided a review on the mechanisms of immune regulatory factors in OVs. In addition, we reviewed the combined therapies of OVs with other therapies including radiotherapy and CAR-T or TCR-T cell therapy. The review is useful in further generalize the usage of OV in cancer treatment.

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Oncolytic reovirus induces ovarian cancer cell apoptosis in a TLR3-dependent manner

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy: An Emerging Option in the Treatment of Gliomas

Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy: An Emerging Option in the Treatment of Gliomas

Engineering strategies to enhance oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy

Application of oncolytic virus in tumor therapy

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