One hundred and one years after a milestone: Modern chemical weapons and World War I

Vilches, Diego; Alburquerque, Germán; Ramírez-Tagle, Rodrigo

doi:10.1016/j.eq.2016.04.004

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The first chemotherapy approaches again targeted DNA, yet still in a somewhat empirical manner due to the lack of mechanistic details on how DNA damage is created and repaired. The chemical arms-race headed by the Germans from the beginning of WWI (1914) led to the military use of mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide), 40,41 along with a wide insight into DNA-targeting agents. 42,43 DNA cross-linking molecules such as mustard gas exert cytotoxic effects that resembled those triggered by irradiations.…”

Section: David Monchaudmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA folds threaten genetic stability and can be leveraged for chemotherapy

et al. 2021

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Section: David Monchaudmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA folds threaten genetic stability and can be leveraged for chemotherapy

et al. 2021

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“…3 During World War I (1915−1918), chlorine gas was used as a chemical weapon by German troops against the Allies, 4 which proved to be deadly as intended, with reports of more than a thousand casualties, the first-ever recorded large scale chemical attack. 5,6 Thereafter, continuous efforts were made to investigate and store various toxic compounds to be utilized as chemical weapons. 7,8 CWAs can be broadly classified into several categories based on their physiological effects: choking agents (chlorine, chloropicrin, phosgene, and diphosgene); 9 blister agents (sulfur mustard, lewisite, and nitrogen mustard); 10,11 blood agents (hydrogen cyanide or cyanogen chloride); 12 nerve agents (tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, soman, and VX).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many cases, exposure can be lethal and result in death . During World War I (1915–1918), chlorine gas was used as a chemical weapon by German troops against the Allies, which proved to be deadly as intended, with reports of more than a thousand casualties, the first-ever recorded large scale chemical attack. , Thereafter, continuous efforts were made to investigate and store various toxic compounds to be utilized as chemical weapons. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Organic Framework Functionalized Textiles as Protective Clothing for the Detection and Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents—A Review

Balasubramanian

Kulandaisamy

Babu

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been listed as lethal weapons of mass destruction due to their extreme toxicity and devastating effects. Detection and detoxification are essential to protect ourselves from such acutely perilous agents and have therefore generated a great deal of research interest. In this context, studies show that adsorbents such as activated carbon, metal oxides, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are active materials for the effective degradation of CWAs. Among them, MOFs are preferred because of their large surface area, tunable porosity, and catalytic, functional, and chemical stability properties. With this background, we comprehensively review the historical purview of the utility of CWAs, the potency of various CWAs, and their toxic profiles. Further, we discuss the research strategies reported to synthesize MOFs of desirable characteristics by tuning the synthesis parameters such as solvents, temperature, guest molecules, and organic ligands. Specifically, we highlight the multifarious studies of the impregnation of MOFs onto fibers/textiles as selfprotecting fabrics using different techniques. Finally, we enumerate the challenges in developing MOFs-incorporated textiles and their functionalization toward the detection and detoxification of CWAs. As a future perspective, further requirements and possibilities of using MOF-modified textiles as wearable electronic devices for the detection and detoxification of CWAs have also been addressed.

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“…One microgram of RNA was converted into first‐strand cDNA using the RT 2 First Strand kit (SABiosciences). Real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) was done with the mouse inflammatory cytokines and receptors PCR Array (PAMM‐011, SABiosciences) on a 7500 Fast Real‐Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using RT 2 qPCR Master Mix.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of hair follicles in the pathogenesis of arsenical‐induced cutaneous damage

Srivastavá

Wang

Khan

et al. 2022

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Arsenical vesicants cause skin inflammation, blistering, and pain. The lack of appropriate animal models causes difficulty in defining their molecular pathogenesis. Here, Ptch1 +/-/C57BL/6 mice were employed to investigate the pathobiology of the arsenicals lewisite and phenylarsine oxide (PAO). Following lewisite or PAO challenge (24 h), the skin of animals becomes grayish-white, thick, leathery, and wrinkled with increased bi-fold thickness, Draize score, and necrotic patches. In histopathology, infiltrating leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), epidermal-dermal separation, edema, apoptotic cells, and disruption of tight and adherens junction proteins can be visualized. PCR arrays and nanoString analyses showed significant increases in cytokines/chemokines and other proinflammatory mediators. As hair follicles (HFs), which provide an immune-privileged environment, may affect immune cell trafficking and consequent inflammatory responses, we compared the pathogenesis of these chemicals in this model to that in Ptch1 +/-/SKH-1 hairless mice. Ptch1 +/-/ SKH-1 mice have rudimentary, whereas Ptch1 +/-/C57BL/6 mice have well-developed HFs. Although no significant differences were observed in qualitative inflammatory responses between the two strains, levels of cytokines/chemokines differed. Importantly, the mechanism of inflammation was identical; both reactive oxygen species induction and consequent activation of unfolded protein response signaling were similar. These data reveal that the acute molecular pathogenesis of arsenicals in these two murine models is similar.

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One hundred and one years after a milestone: Modern chemical weapons and World War I

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

DNA folds threaten genetic stability and can be leveraged for chemotherapy

DNA folds threaten genetic stability and can be leveraged for chemotherapy

Metal Organic Framework Functionalized Textiles as Protective Clothing for the Detection and Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents—A Review

Role of hair follicles in the pathogenesis of arsenical‐induced cutaneous damage

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