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While chemical weapons have been used since the beginning of armed struggles, either for their flammable or toxic properties, it was only during World War I when what is known as ''modern'' chemical warfare began. July 28 marks the one hundred and one anniversary of the beginning of what is also known as ''The Great War''. This conflict created enormous consequences for society at the time, marking a before and after in the history of mankind, as well as being the genesis of modern chemical warfare.

Through the study of the Chilean National Football Team, this article analyzes the impact of the installation of the culture of the free market within the sphere of Chilean identity, during the Military Dictatorship headed by Augusto Pinochet. How was Chilean identity transformed during this process? To answer this question, the social conception of football during the dictatorship will be compared with the concept of the sport that predominated prior to the dictatorship. Thus, and by means of analyzing the discourse of the sports press, it concludes that between 1973 and 1989 the social conception of football changed from a vision in which moral triumphs were appreciated to a conception in which competitive values became hegemonic, centered first and foremost on victory in football. This transition likewise expresses a profound mutation in the expectations, values and the ethical vision and sense of identity of the Chilean people.

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Este ensayo planea sobre el periodo de la Unidad Popular a través de la revisión de las investigaciones de Heidi Tinsman (La tierra para el que la trabaja), Peter Winn (Tejedores de la revolución) y Franck Gaudichaud (Poder popular y cordones industriales). El argumento es que estas obras, que pueden ser enmarcadas dentro de lo que a fines de la década del ochenta se llamó la Nueva Historia Laboral, logran describir el proceso de politización y radicalización de los sectores populares chilenos entre 1970 y 1973. A diferencia de los primeros estudios sobre el periodo de la UP, focalizados en el sistema de partidos, los trabajos de Winn, Tinsman y Gaudichaud, al reconstruir las experiencias de campesinos y trabajadores, logran, por un lado, describir el significado utópico y concreto que la vía chilena al socialismo tuvo para ellos y, por el otro, rescata su decisiva influencia en el desenlace del gobierno de Allende. Al reconstruir la agencia de estos sectores, y la historicidad del proceso revolucionario chileno, estos trabajos también logran superar las visiones que explican el quiebre de la democracia como el resultado de la excesiva polarización del sistema político chileno.