One hundred years of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasing health problem and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but knowledge about its pathogenesis has increased substantially in recent years. The disease results from interaction between individual risk factors (like enzymatic deficiencies) and environmental exposures to noxious agents, like cigarette smoking, occupational dusts, air pollution and infections in childhood. The main mechanisms that may contribute to airflow limitation in COPD are fixed narrowing of small airways, emphysema and luminal obstruction with mucus secretions. COPD is characterised by a chronic inflammatory process in the pulmonary tissue, with a pattern different from bronchial asthma, associated with extrapulmonary effects and is considered now a complex, systemic disease. Optimal therapeutic targeting of COPD depends on a clear understanding of the precise mechanisms of these complex processes and on early and correct evaluation of disease severity. A combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches is used to treat COPD. Bronchodilators are the mainstay of COPD treatment and can be combined with inhaled corticosteroids for greater efficacy and fewer side effects. The use of LTOT for hypoxemic patients has resulted in increased survival, and expanded drug therapy options have effectively improved dyspnoea and quality of life. Recent studies have documented the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation. In addition, non-invasive mechanical ventilation offers new alternatives for patients with acute or chronic failure.

Therapeutic effects of stemonine on particulate matter 2.5‑induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice

“…Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airway obstruction due to the destruction of lung parenchyma, structural alterations of the small airways and systemic inflammation (9). COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and knowledge about its pathogenesis has increased substantially over the past decade (9,10).…”

“…COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and knowledge about its pathogenesis has increased substantially over the past decade (9,10). The primary risk factor for COPD is prolonged cigarette smoking (11).…”

Acetylic Salicylic Acid for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

“…In fact, chronic exposure to small particulate matter has recently been demonstrated to accelerate the age-dependent decrease of pulmonary function [5] . However, COPD affects only a comparatively small proportion of smokers, suggesting a relevant individual susceptibility beyond a chronic exposure to smoke [6] .…”

COPD: Is there evidence to support a role for resistance training in improving measurable health-related quality of life in pulmonary rehabilitation?

“…7 While the relative contribution of coronary heart disease and stroke towards death is on the decline, mortality from COPD is on the increase. 17 This trend has prompted an increase in the number of studies investigating the efficacy of different treatment modalities within pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and has resulted in the synthesis of a number of consensus statements and clinical guidelines by various associations.…”