One-pot conversion of highly acidic waste cooking oil into biodiesel over a novel bio-based bi-functional catalyst

Glycerol-Based Retrievable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-Pot Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel

“…An intense IR absorption spectrum at 1691 cm −1 was assigned to C=O absorption band [ 30 ]. The absorption band for CH 2 scissor bending appeared at 1457 cm −1 while 1321 cm −1 absorption spectrum was identified as C-H bending of aldehyde group [ 31 ]. The sulfonated group for both samples were determined at 1139 cm −1 and 1020 cm −1 of symmetrical and unsymmetrical stretching vibration of O=S=O [ 32 ], respectively.…”

Biomass Waste-Derived Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: Recent Advances and Key Challenges

“…A similar approach to that outlined in [144] generated a simple system in which corncob alone was KOH-activated. The substrate was treated with sulfuric acid under various conditions, enabling a systematic assessment of SSA [167]. Unlike thermal treatment alone, pyrolysis in the presence of sulfuric acid increased this significantly.…”

A renewable lignin-derived bio-oil for boosting the oxidation stability of biodiesel

“…Such feedstock are known to contain a high level of free fatty acids (FFA) of which are subjected to several pre-treatment steps prior to transesterification, including esterification and neutralisation. The presence of water during the conventional transesterification also results in saponification side reactions [2,3]. Recently, supercritical production of biodiesel has been reported as an efficient process for simultaneous transesterification and esterification of triglycerides and FFAs.…”