One-Pot Fabrication of Hollow Porphyrinic MOF Nanoparticles with Ultrahigh Drug Loading toward Controlled Delivery and Synergistic Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Hollow nanostructures have attracted significant research interest in drug delivery systems due to their high capacities for drug loading and unique physicochemical properties, showing great potential in specific biomedical applications. Herein, hollow porphyrinic metal–organic framework (H-PMOF) nanoparticles with a mesoporous spherical shell have been fabricated via a facile self-sacrificial ZIF-8 nanoparticle template strategy. The H-PMOF nanoplatform not only demonstrates a greatly enhanced photodynamic therapy efficacy compared with nonhollow porphyrinic MOF nanoparticles but also can be used as a superior drug carrier to co-load doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG) with an ultrahigh drug-loading capacity of 635%. Furthermore, cancer cell membrane camouflage of the (DOX and ICG)@H-PMOF composite nanoparticles affords a biomimetic nanoplatform, that is, (DOX and ICG)@H-PMOF@mem (DIHPm for short), with an outstanding homologous tumor-targeting and immune-escaping ability. Interestingly, DIHPm shows both pH-controlled and near-infrared laser-triggered DOX release. Both in vitro and in vivo studies of DIHPm demonstrate an excellent imaging-guided synergistic photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy anticancer activity with negligible systemic toxicity. The development of the high-performance H-PMOF nanoplatform provides new insights into the design of MOF-based multifunctional nanomedicines for combination cancer therapy and precise theranostics.

Hollow structures as drug carriers: Recognition, response, and release

“…The higher porosity and larger specific surface areas of hollow MOFs than solid counterparts endow the opportunity for the efficient adsorption and storage of drug molecules [66][67][68]. Tian and co-workers constructed a multifunctional platform by using a hollow porphyrinic meal-organic framework (H-PMOF) nanoparticle as the drug carrier [67]. DOX and indocyanine green were loaded with an ultrahigh loading capacity of 635%, higher than that of the nonhollow PMOF.…”

Recent Advances in Hollow Gold Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

“…Hollow gold nanostructures have high photothermal conversion effects and excellent biocompatibility, can adjust the LSPR band in near-infrared (NIR) regions, and are suitable for drug delivery. The irradiation of gold nanoparticles with NIR lasers can accelerate the release of cargo by generated hyperthermia to the target location and ablate the tumor cells with favorable PTT ( Gan et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2021 ).…”

Polymer encapsulated clinical ICG nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal therapy and NIR fluorescence imaging in cervical cancer

“…24,25 Under laser irradiation, the ICG also produces photodynamic (PDT) effects, therefore PDT and PTT are oen combine used. [26][27][28][29] Nevertheless, researchers were more inclined to study ICG-based PTT since ICG produces stronger photothermal effect. Besides, the poor optical and thermal stability of ICG as PTN limited its further applications.…”

“…[27][28][29] Studies have shown that the polymer encapsulated clinical ICG nanoparticles can not only increase the stability of nanoparticles, but also could enhance PDT/PTT effect, meanwhile strengthen biocompatibility of the NPs with negligible toxicity. [27][28][29] Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) is an amphiphilic polymer 40 and oen selected as encapsulation matrix for organic dyes to increase their chemical stability and biocompatibility. [41][42][43][44][45] In addition, PSMA has been used clinically and its covalent binding to proteins has been studied.…”

“…Also, ICG@PSMA NPs showed good PTT property in cervical cancer cells as PTN under 808 nm laser irradiation with PTT efficiency of $70%. Besides, ICG@PSMA NPs [27][28][29] have great potentials in other different types of cancer. Therefore, ICG@PSMA NPs have great potentials as PTN for tumor therapy, and our results can provide a good basis for following in vivo experiments.…”